Simultaneously simulate vertical and horizontal expansions of a future urban landscape: a case study in Wuhan,Central China

While there are extensive studies of urban 2D forms, research on the varying geometric features and spatial distribution patterns of urban 3D spaces is comparatively rare. In this paper, we propose a coupled model, known as BPANN-CBRSortCA, which is based on a back propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) and case-based reasoning technology with sort cellular automaton (CBRSortCA) to simulate future urban building heights and their spatial distribution. BPANN–CBRSortCA uses BPANN to predict the vertical extrusion of building heights and uses CBRSortCA to simulate horizontal urban expansion. The BPANN–CBRSortCA model is innovative because of its capabilities to simultaneously project urban growth in the vertical and horizontal dimensions. The proposed model also overcomes the limitations of the traditional cellular automata models that cannot simulate ‘diffused’ urban expansion. This research used Wuhan City as a case study to simulate vertical and horizontal urban expansion from 2015 to 2025. The results showed the following: (1) in the next 10 years, new build-up will mainly appear along the edge of Hongshan and Hanyang Districts or will occupy bare land in the form of ‘filling’ and (2) the tallest buildings will be mainly located to the south of East Lake in Hongshan District and on undeveloped land within the city. These simulation results can provide a reference for future urban planning.     

柴达木盆地北缘30Ma左右的去顶剥蚀作用——~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar热年代学定量制约

通过对柴达木盆地北缘两个花岗质岩体的钾长石进行的氩多重扩散域理论 (MDD)模拟及年龄测定 ,得到了这些岩体的冷却历史。结果表明 ,30Ma左右这里曾发生过一次快速冷却事件 (7.5～ 9.4°C Ma) ,表示该地区此时曾发生去顶剥蚀作用 ,是该地区的抬升作用的结果。这可能和阿尔金断裂的走滑活动有关。     

非均质空间动态随机扩散的一般方程及其应用

通过非均质空间条件下革新随机游动模式的理论推导，结合实证研究成果，建立了非均质空间动态随机扩散方程。同时，将此方程应用于城市基准地价评估，予以实例验证。     

STOCHASTIC THEORY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF SEDIMENT PARTICLES SUSPENDED IN A TURBULENT FLOW

The random motion of sediment particles suspended in a turbulent flow is studied by means of stochastic process. Results of analysis of particle's frequency response to the random force exerted on the particle due to fluid turbulence suggest that only the lower part of the whole frequency range of the eddy motion will govern the motion of the particle. The mean values of particle velocity and displacement in the vertical direc- tion are calculated and it is found that particle velocity vp- can be decomposed into a mean motion and a velocity fluctuation vp- , where is equal to the fall velocity in tranquil fluid. An Ito^ random differential equation for particle dis- placement Yp is developed, from which a Fokker-Planck equation for the probability density function p(y,t) is derived on the basis of the theory of Markov process, where y denotes the vertical coordinate. The vertical distribution of the particle is thus interrelated to the random motion of the particle. The an effect that a particle will be subject to in the neighborhood or the bottom boundary is taken into consideration and a corresponding Fokker-Planck equation is developed. Analytical solution of the Fok- ker-Planck equation including the lift force effect shows that probability density p(y,t) for the particle displacement has a maximum value at y = H where the perpen- dicular component of the lift force balances the particle gravity. This theoretical result agrees with experimental observations as reported in literature.     

秦巴地区土壤测量金异常含矿性标志特征及矿体定位估计

本文在总结若干土壤测量金异常资料的基础上,提出了秦巴地区矿致土壤测量金异常的三条主要标志特征。通过对金元素在土壤中迁移扩散及沉淀条件的分析,建立了推算金矿(化)体与金异常浓集中心突出高值点相对位置的经验公式,并确定了各地形级次的经验系数和常数。经验公式在陕西省秦巴地区有一定的普遍性及实用价值。     

湖北省凤凰关地区前寒武纪大别杂岩内地壳冷却速率的估算

本文提出了一个封闭体系的扩散数学模型,用来描述由于化学扩散而导致球状晶体发生的均匀化作用;结合扩散系数和一些岩石物化知识,就可能模拟待定岩石的温度—时间(T-t)史。作者根据斜长石的相图特征并应用该模型,提出了如何确定斜长石扩散初始条件的方法,描述了湖北省凤凰关地区混合岩浅色体中斜长石的均匀化作用;经计算表明:地壳冷却速率(s)为0.75℃/Ma;所提出的数学模型普遍适用于变质岩的冷却问题。     

岩石变形中的压溶作用及相伴的构造分异作用

压溶作用是低级变质环境中最常见的一种岩石变形作用机制。本文讨论了这种构造化学作用的渲化发展以及相伴的构造分异作用。探讨了诸如岩石的初始各向异性、应力状态、矿物的溶解度、流体的性质,以及物质扩散迁移的迁移系数、迁移通道等因素,对溶解作用带和沉淀作用带的生成与发展的影响,以及它们对在递进变形过程中由于分异作用形成的构造分异层的发展和几何特征的影响。     

Accuracy of kinematic wave and diffusion wave approximations for time-independent flows

Errors in the kinematic wave and diffusion wave approximations for time-independent (or steady-state) cases of channel flow were derived for three types of boundary conditions: zero flow at the upstream end, and critical flow depth and zero depth gradient at the downstream end. The diffusion wave approximation was found to be in excellent agreement with the dynamic wave approximation, with errors in the range 1–2% for values of KF (? 7.5), where K is the kinematic wave number and F₀ is the Froude number. Even for small values of KF (e.g. KF²₀ = 0.75), the errors were typically less than 15%. The accuracy of the diffusion wave approximation was greatly influenced by the downstream boundary condition. The error of the kinematic wave approximation was found to be less than 13% in the region 0.1 ? x ? 0.95 for KF = 7.5 and was greater than 30% for smaller values of KF (? 0.75). This error increased with strong downstream boundary control.     

On the scavenging of gaseous nitrogen compounds by large and small rain drops I. A wind tunnel and theoretical study of the uptake and desorption of NH3 in the presence of CO2

An experimental study has been carried out in the Mainz vertical wind tunnel to determine the rate at which NH₃ in the presence of CO₂ is absorbed by freely suspended water drops. The experimental uptake rates were found to be in good agreement with the rates predicted by the Kronig-Brink convective diffusion model and, for gas concentrations in the ppbv range also by the model in which it is assumed that the absorbed gas is well mixed inside the drop (henceforth called well mixed model). The same conclusion was shown to apply also to the desorption of NH₃ from a drop previously exposed to NH₃. The latter result is in contrast to the desorption of SO₂ which must be described by a model which accounts for the diffusion of the species inside the drop. Comparison of our experimental results with theory show further that the uptake of NH₃ in presence of CO₂ is significantly overestimated if the slow reaction CO_2(aq)+H₂OHCO ₃ ^– +H⁺ is neglected in the theoretical computation.     

On the relationship between Lyapunov times and macroscopic instability times

On the basis of the general theory of Hamiltonian systems, we consider the relationship between Lyapunov times and macroscopic diffusion times. We find out that there are two regimes: the Nekhoroshev regime and the resonant overlapping regime. In the first case the diffusion time is exponentially long with respect to Lyapunov times. In the second case, the relationship is polynomial although we do not find any theoretical reason for the existence of a universal power law. We show numerical evidences which confirm our theoretical considerations.