The effects of rock uplift and rock resistance on river morphology in a subduction zone forearc,Oregon, USA

Relationships between riverbed morphology, concavity, rock type and rock uplift rate are examined to independently unravel the contribution of along-strike variations in lithology and rates of vertical deformation to the topographic relief of the Oregon coastal mountains. Lithologic control on river profile form is reflected by convexities and knickpoints in a number of longitudinal profiles and by general trends of concavity as a function of lithology. Volcanic and sedimentary rocks are the principal rock types underlying the northern Oregon Coast Ranges (between 46°30′ and 45°N) where mixed bedrock–alluvial channels dominate. Average concavity, θ, is 0·57 in this region. In the alluviated central Oregon Coast Ranges (between 45° and 44°N) values of concavity are, on average, the highest (θ = 0·82). South of 44°N, however, bedrock channels are common and θ = 0·73. Mixed bedrock–alluvial channels characterize rivers in the Klamath Mountains (from 43°N south; θ = 0·64). Rock uplift rates of ≥0·5 mm a⁻¹, mixed bedrock–alluvial channels, and concavities of 0·53–0·70 occur within the northernmost Coast Ranges and Klamath Mountains. For rivers flowing over volcanic rocks θ = 0·53, and θ = 0·72 for reaches crossing sedimentary rocks. Whereas channel type and concavity generally co-vary with lithology along much of the range, rivers between 44·5° and 43°N do not follow these trends. Concavities are generally greater than 0·70, alluvial channels are common, and river profiles lack knickpoints between 44·5° and 44°N, despite the fact that lithology is arguably invariant. Moreover, rock uplift rates in this region vary from low, ≤0·5 mm a⁻¹, to subsidence (<0 mm a⁻¹). These observations are consistent with models of transient river response to a decrease in uplift rate. Conversely, the rivers between 44° and 43°N have similar concavities and flow on the same mapped bedrock unit as the central region, but have bedrock channels and irregular longitudinal profiles, suggesting the river profiles reflect a transient response to an increase in uplift rate. If changes in rock uplift rate explain the differences in river profile form and morphology, it is unlikely that rock uplift and erosion are in steady state in the Oregon coastal mountains. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西秦岭天水地区李子园群变质火山岩的地球化学特征及其地质意义

西秦岭天水地区的早古生代李子园群为一套中浅变质的沉积-火山岩系。沉积岩系主要由变质碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩组成,火山岩系主要由变玄武岩、变玄武安山岩和变安山岩组成,包括岛弧型火山岩和玻安岩。岛弧型火山岩SiO2含量介于48.79%~54.64%之间,TiO2含量较低(0.29%~0.88%);稀土元素分布型式呈LREE略富集型,富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Cs、Sr、Th、U,相对亏损Rb、K和高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、P、Sm、Ti和Y,具Nb负异常,类似于低钾岛弧拉斑玄武岩和钙碱性玄武岩特征。玻安岩具有中等的SiO2含量(53.59%~59.28%),低的TiO2含量(0.24%~0.48%);相对中等的MgO含量(4.90%~4.96%)、较低的CaO/Al2O3比值(0.39~0.54)和较高的Mg#值(0.54~0.58)、Al2O3/TiO2比值(33.88~64.29);同时具有较低的Ti/Zr比值(15~83)、V/Zr比值(2.18~8.35)和较高的Zr/Y比值(3.82~12.08),相对富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),特别是Rb、Ba、Th,而亏损高场强元素(HFSE),如Nb、Ta、P、Ti、Y、Yb,显示为亏损MREE的U型稀土元素分布型式。岛弧型火山岩和玻安岩的存在表明,李子园群及其中的中基性火山岩系形成于俯冲带之上的岛弧或弧前环境。     

新疆渭干河灌区水文地质条件变化及排水措施探讨

渭干河灌区的水土环境及水文地质条件在克孜尔水库建成后发生了一定的变化,本文结合灌区12年来的水盐监测资料,对灌区地下水的埋深变化规律、水质演变趋势、灌区的排水效果及目前存在的问题进行了分析与探讨,并为今后灌区排水措施和保持水土环境的良性发展提出了建议.     

鄂尔多斯风沙滩地区土壤凝结水试验研究

鄂尔多斯风沙滩地区,常年干旱少雨,蒸发强烈,地下水资源消耗主要源于表土蒸发.而土壤凝结水的形成与转化又与表土蒸发之间存在着十分密切的关系.作者在内蒙古自治区乌审旗气象局院内,采用自制的笼屉式测渗仪进行土壤凝结水的观测试验研究,测量方法为称重法.并同步观测地表以上50cm处的空气温湿度以及地表和地表以下5cm、10cm、15cm、20cm、30cm、40cm、50cm处的土壤温度.通过试验,初步探明了该区土壤凝结水的形成与转化的基本过程,以及土壤凝结水的转化与气象因素之间的相关关系.     

云南巍山—永平碰撞造山带走滑拉分盆地铜金多金属矿成矿流体系统：稳定同位素特征及热液来源

云南巍山—永平矿集区位于兰坪走滑拉分盆地南段,有铜金多金属中、小型矿床及矿化点140余处,盆地发育和成矿作用与印度—亚洲板块碰撞密切相关。为了探索该矿集区成矿热液的来源,研究了该区成矿流体的稳定同位素特征。区内成矿流体系统可分为紫金山子系统与公郎弧子系统。公郎弧子系统内铜钴矿床成矿流体的δD为-83.8‰~-69‰,δ18O为4.17‰~10.45‰,δ13C为-13.6‰~3.7‰,成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水及地层水。紫金山子系统内金、铅锌、铁矿床成矿流体的δD为-117.4‰~-76‰,δ18O为5.32‰~9.56‰,δ13C为-10.07‰~-1.5‰;锑矿成矿流体的δD为-95‰~-78‰,δ18O为4.5‰~32.3‰,δ13C为-26.4‰~-1.9‰,成矿流体来源于地层水以及岩浆水。受印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞造山作用的影响,在该盆地内,成矿流体自南西向北东大规模迁移过程中,先形成温度、盐度较高的公郎弧子系统,随着流体向北东推进,温度、盐度逐渐降低,流体成分发生变化,演变为紫金山子系统。     

麦兹地区火山沉积岩型铅-锌矿床地质特征与找矿方向

阿尔泰山南缘的铅-锌矿床主要分布于麦兹地区,为了在其找矿空间和找矿类型上有所突破,详细地阐明了麦兹地区铅-锌矿床的主要地质特征、成因类型及其控矿因素,并结合区域构造演化背景,总结了麦兹地区铅-锌矿床的成矿规律,指明了铅-锌矿床的找矿方向。     

Age model, physical properties and paleoceanographic implications of the middle Pleistocene core sediments in the Choshi area, central Japan

Abstract   A continuous, well-preserved core was obtained from the Choshi area, on the Pacific side of Japan, to investigate paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic changes around the northwestern Pacific region during the middle Pleistocene. Siliciclastic sequences in the core are divided into five formations – the Obama, Yokone, Kurahashi and Toyosato Formations in the Inubo Group and the Katori Formation, in ascending order. Examination of calcareous nannofossils and magnetic polarities detected four datums in the core sediments of the Inubo Group: the top of Reticulofenestra asanoi , the base of Helicosphaera inversa , the top of Pseudoemiliania lacunosa and the Brunhes–Matuyama boundary. Fourteen marine isotope stages (MIS24–MIS11) were identified in the δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C records based on detected datums and the graphic correlation with the standard stack oxygen isotope curve. Magnetic susceptibility and gamma-ray attenuation porosity evaluator density were also measured and low values characterize the glacial intervals. Biogenic sedimentation by primary production may be larger during the glacial periods because of invasions of nutrient-rich northern surface-waters related to the southward shift of the Kuroshio front in the Choshi area.     

黄河源区早更新世含植物化石地层的发现及意义

通过对扎根加陇早更新世湖相地层(1919.6kaB.P.)、棒咯涌K5号钻孔早更新世河湖相地层(1135.9～945.4kaB.P.)、野牛河西岸早更新世河湖相地层(1548.2～765.4kaB.P.)以及产于扎根加陇早更新世湖相地层中的植物化石、各剖面孢粉资料的分析,获知黄河源区早更新世早期为亚热带山地针叶林植被景观,地层中木本植物花粉占绝对优势,以针叶植物云杉属、松属、冷杉属、铁杉属为主,是源区动植物发育的鼎盛时期;进入早更新世晚期初,乔木植物花粉迅速减少乃至全部消失,草本植物花粉大幅度增加。晚期末,孢粉出现贫化,以草本植物花粉为主,呈现荒漠草原植被景观。提出了现今黄河源区生态地质环境的形成是地质演化的必然结果。     

内蒙古达茂旗哈尔陶勒盖地区蛇绿岩形成环境探讨

内蒙古达茂旗哈尔陶勒盖地区蛇绿岩的堆晶岩为橄榄岩 辉石岩 辉长岩组合,即为PPG型;通过岩石化学、地球化学研究,首次从辉长岩中识别出有玻安岩存在,为本区蛇绿岩的形成环境从岩类学方面提供依据;玄武岩具洋脊玄武岩特征,但俯冲带组分(Th等)富集;在混杂带内分布有泥盆纪岛弧型中-中酸性火山岩,整合于硅泥质岩之上。基于上述几个方面的分析,提出本区蛇绿岩的形成环境应为SSZ型,既形成于初始俯冲,在俯冲带之上(弧前)形成新的洋壳,并逐渐向岛弧演化。     

生物质燃烧颗粒物有机示踪化合物的测定和应用

使用气相色谱-质谱法对2002年7月-2003年7月的北京市大气粗、细颗粒物样品中的左旋葡聚糖等糖类化合物进行了测定。结果表明，左旋葡聚糖主要存在于细颗粒中，可以作为示踪化合物来研究生物质燃烧现象。生物质燃烧对北京市大气颗粒物有较重要的贡献。对应于12％-40％的PM2.5有机碳和10％-33％的PM10有机碳。北京市在2002年10月和11月受到明显的生物质燃烧的影响，可能由于农田秸杆焚烧和秋季落叶焚烧。2003年5月7日颗粒物样品受到直线距离约为1000km以外的内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市大兴安岭林区森林大火烟雾的影响。生物质燃烧事件具有突发性，可以长距离传输；生物质作为农村生物燃料的使用其燃烧排放具有经常性和持久性的特征。