Reference and current Trophic Level Index of New Zealand lakes: benchmarks to inform lake management and assessment

ABSTRACT

Knowledge of trophic status is fundamental to understanding the condition and function of lake ecosystems. We developed regression models to predict chlorophyll a concentrations (chl a) in New Zealand lakes for reference and current states, based on an existing dataset of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations for 1031 lakes. Models were then developed to predict Secchi depth based on chl a and a sediment resuspension term applicable to shallow lakes. Estimates of all four Trophic Level Index (TLI) variables (chl a, TN, TP and Secchi depth) were analysed to estimate reference and current state TLI for the nationally representative sample of 1031 lakes. There was a trend of eutrophication between reference and current states, with systematic differences among lake geomorphic types. Mean chl a increased 3.5-fold (2.42?mg?m^?3 vs. 8.32?mg?m^?3) and mean Secchi depth decreased (indicating lower clarity) by approximately one-third (9.62?m vs. 6.48?m) between reference and current states. On average, TLI increased by 0.67, with the TLI increase >1 in approximately one-third (31%) of lakes. This study informs the status of lake ecosystems in NZ and provides benchmarks to guide management and assessment.     

成都标准基线场的设计及光干涉测量

本文较详尽地阐述了成都标准基线场的设计特点及其理论依据，并介绍了光干涉测量及其配合的EDM测量、光干涉测量计算结果和精度分析。     

A VLBI Delay Model for Radio Sources at a Finite Distance

A relativistic delay model for Earth-based very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observation of sources at finite distances is derived. The model directly provides the VLBI delay in the scale of terrestrial time. The effect of the curved wave front is represented by using a pseudo source vector K = (R ₁ + R ₂)/(R ₁ + R ₂), and the variation of the baseline vector due to the difference of arrival time is taken into account up to the second-order by using Halley’s method. The precision of the new VLBI delay model is 1 ps for all radio sources above 100 km altitude from the Earth’s surface in Earth-based VLBI observation. Simple correction terms (parallax effect) are obtained, which can also adopt the consensus model (e.g. International Earth Rotation and Reference Frames Service conventions) to finite-distance radio source at R > 10 pc with the same precision. The new model may enable estimation of distance to the radio source directly with VLBI delay data.     

Differencing Reveals Hidden Changes in Baseline Length Time-series

In order to make successful earthquake predictions, detection and monitoring of baseline changes are important for investigating their origins, including precursory crustal deformations in tectonically active areas. In this study, differencing two baselines that run approximately parallel to each other and normal to the expected crustal deformations, and that share a station is proposed for analysis. Differencing reduces common systematic baseline errors, thereby enabling detection of subtle transient systematic changes in the baseline time-series that are otherwise buried in the measurement noise. Mean shift analysis, a well-known statistical technique to determine hether the mean of a stochastic process has shifted using cumulative sum charts, can then be used to locate the change points in the time-series. The application of this method to the differences of concurrently observed very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) and global positioning system (GPS) baselines in the Japanese Keystone project, where periodic and persistent baseline changes are removed, revealed transient variations in the baseline lengths several months prior to the seismic activity in the Izu Islands that started on June 26, 2000. Reproduction of the results using GPS and VLBI, two alternative baseline measurement techniques, validated the accuracy of the proposed approach for detecting previously hidden transient changes in the baseline lengths.     

从GPS复测结果初步研究华北北部的水平形变及构造活动

利用华北地区１９９５－１９９６年的ＧＰＳ测量计算结果作了基线变化和位移矢量的分析,并据此研究了现代构造活动。总体上以近东西向的区域性拉张为主,南北向存在差异。山西断陷带和渤海地区拉张显著,郯庐断裂带的沂水－郯城段具有挤压兼走滑。     

工业测量基线确定的形状探讨

工业测量的一项重要内容就是确定仪器站之间的长度，也称之为基线测量，以确定测站的相对坐标。文中主要从理论上就基线测定的方法、精度和最佳交会构形进行了探讨。最后提出了实际基线测量应注意的若干问题。     

Regional Sources of Methyl Chloride, Chloroform and Dichloromethane Identified from AGAGE Observations at Cape Grim, Tasmania, 1998–2000

There are large uncertainties in identifying and quantifying the natural and anthropogenic sources of chloromethanes – methyl chloride (CH₃Cl), chloroform (CHCl₃) and dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂), which are responsible for about 15% of the total chlorine in the stratosphere. We report two years of in situ observations of these species from the AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gas Experiment) program at Cape Grim, Tasmania (41° S, 145° E). The average background levels of CH₃Cl, CHCl₃ and CH₂Cl₂ during 1998–2000 were 551± 8, 6.3± 0.2 and 8.9± 0.2 ppt (dry air mole fractions expressed in parts per 10¹²) respectively, with a two-year average amplitude of the seasonal cycles in background air of 25, 1.1 and 1.5 ppt respectively. The CH₃Cl and CHCl₃ records at Cape Grim show clear episodes of elevated mixing ratios up to 1300 ppt and 55 ppt respectively, which are highly correlated, suggesting common source(s). Trajectory analyses show that the sources of CH₃Cl and CHCl₃ that are responsible for these elevated observations are located in coastal-terrestrial and/or coastal-seawater regions in Tasmania and the south-eastern Australian mainland. Elevated levels of CH₂Cl₂ (up to 70 ppt above background) are associated mainly with emissions from the Melbourne/Port Phillip region, a large urban/industrial complex (population 3.5 million) 300 km north of Cape Grim.Now at the Centre for Atmospheric ChemistryNow at School of Environmental Sciences     

华北近年水平形变与地震关系的研究

近年华北地区GPS水平形变反映出阴山－燕山南缘构造带、张家口－蓬莱隐伏断裂带、郯断裂带及建昌－邢台构造带具有较强的活动性,成为不同时间的压缩区段。近年的基线和位移量的表明：形变压缩区和位移量较大的地区是地应力积累较大地区,因此,成为中、强地震发生的场所,这两项可作为判定地震危险区的标志。     

琼中台FGM-01磁通门磁力仪观测数据浅析

为了确保琼中台FGM-01磁通门磁力仪观测数据的准确性,对琼中台多套地磁相对记录仪分钟数据作相关系数分析,及对其观测基线值作月剩余标准差处理和日均差值对比分析,分析结果得出FGM-01仪的观测精度及稳定性较差。     

水声定位技术的发展现状与展望

文章简述了传统的3种声学定位系统的工作原理、系统构成以及各自的优缺点,分别举例说明了市场上典型产品的性能、应用情况,并重点介绍了当前声学定位技术发展的新情况,预测了声学定位技术在未来的发展趋势。