大口径三维曲线顶管顶力估算及实测分析

顶管顶进阻力由顶管机的迎面阻力和管节与土体间的摩阻力两部分组成,现有的顶力估算公式都具有一定的适用条件,虽然物理意义明确,但参数取值范围较大,往往估算顶力与实际工程顶力的匹配程度较低,尤其是在三维曲线顶管工程中受曲线段的影响,准确估算顶力的难度更大。以长413.0 m,外径为3.8 m,最小曲率半径为313.7 m的三维曲线顶管工程为研究对象,基于现有的顶力公式估算所需顶力大小并布设中继间,在该工程实测数据的基础上分析顶力组成及其与顶程、顶进曲率半径等影响因素之间的关系和顶管在平面曲线和垂直剖面曲线以不同曲率半径顶进的摩阻力变化规律。分析结果显示,曲线顶管摩阻力附加系数是真实存在的,且工程实测值与经验值有所偏差,但顶管在淤泥或黏土层中顶进时的摩阻力按规程推荐取值能够满足工程实践需求。最后提出了顶力估算及中继间的布置建议,为类似工程提供依据。     

深井煤矿硐室底臌控制对策与监测分析

针对淮南矿区顾北煤矿-648 m水平绞车房硐室底板突出严重,容易发生拉剪破坏的特点,首先采用FLAC3D对绞车房硐室支护前的围岩变形和应力分布特征进行了模拟分析：变截面处和底角应力集中明显,在高应力作用下底角剪切滑移和底板折断隆起是造成底臌的根本原因。基于分步联合支护理论,对绞车房硐室底板支护方案进行了优化,并对绞车房硐室表面与深部位移、锚索受力和基础内部应力进行了全方位监测,结果表明：原支护方案下巷道底板变形较大,巷道底角发生剪切滑移诱使巷道断面圆形化,注浆花管和底角地梁可以较好地抵抗底角处的剪切滑移;巷道底板变形量受地应力方位影响较大,采用新的底板联合支护方式不仅可以很好地满足绞车房硐室对底板变形的要求,还能加强两帮稳定性,同时保证了绞车房基础稳定。     

含细粒砂土反常剪切行为的数值模拟研究

针对含细颗粒砂土的反常剪切行为,开展了双轴剪切试验的数值模拟,从宏细观角度分析了其反常剪切行为发生的内在机制。数值模拟结果表明,增加围压能提高含细颗粒砂土的抗剪切液化能力,该反常行为的根本原因在于围压上升使得粗细颗粒更有效地参与了力链传递,增加了颗粒间的接触,增强了土体的密实度。细颗粒在土骨架中的移动对砂土的液化起着至关重要的作用,而粗颗粒仅起次要作用。研究表明,细颗粒在剪切过程中会持续从有效土骨架中移出成为无效颗粒,而部分粗颗粒也因失去细颗粒的支撑作用会脱离土骨架,直至试样最终液化。细颗粒一般参与土骨架中的弱力链,而粗颗粒则一般参与强力链,导致细颗粒较粗颗粒更容易在土骨架中移动。     

Influence of vacuum preloading on vertical bearing capacities of piles installed on coastal soft soil

Abstract

Land reclamation has increased significantly in the eastern coastal areas of China. The increased exploitation of offshore resources has made cast-in-situ piles more preferable in these regions. However, precise prediction of axial forces and shaft resistances of piles is particularly difficult because geological conditions are complex after the foundation is treated by vacuum preloading. In this study, two groups of cast-in-situ piles, each of which consisted of two piles installed in soft soil in Oufei Project, Wenzhou, China, were compared by conducting tests using the slow static loading method to evaluate the influence of applying vacuum preloading to deal with soft soil foundation on the vertical bearing capacities of the piles. Two piles were located in an untreated area, while the other two were located in a vacuum preloading treating area. All the piles had the same length and diameter. In addition, the axial forces and shaft resistances of piles were calculated based on the measured strains. The field tests revealed that the ultimate bearing capacities and shaft resistances of test piles were significantly improved compared to those of the piles in untreated area. The experimental results presented in this study are expected to be highly beneficial for practical engineering.     

近55 a来黑河流域绿洲演变特征的初步研究

 以航空照片（1956年）、Landsat MSS影像（1975年）、TM和ETM+影像（1990、2000、2005、2010年）为基础数据源,提取了黑河流域近55 a来的绿洲演变信息,并对绿洲演变的驱动力做了初步分析。研究结果表明:①研究区绿洲在1956—1975年间呈萎缩状态,1975—2010年间均呈扩张状态,并在2010年达到8 137.89 km2,整个绿洲扩张期间,2000年前的增长较平稳,2000年后增长较快;②绿洲内部的土地利用类型以耕地和林地所占比例最大,合占绿洲总面积的90%左右,1975年后耕地成为绿洲中比重最大的土地类型,约占60%;③研究时段内耕地和城镇居民地的变化相对平稳,多为单向转入,而林地、水域的变化相对剧烈,双向转换频繁;④关于绿洲演变驱动力的初步研究表明,自然和人为因素的共同作用影响了水资源的时空分布变化,并决定了绿洲演变的方向和特征,但是其机制还需在今后开展更深入的研究。     

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多排预应力锚索抗滑桩内力计算有限差分解法

文章研究了深路堑高边坡中采用的多排预应力锚索抗滑桩内力计算方法。基于普通抗滑桩内力计算的地基系数法原理,考虑桩身和多排锚索位移的变形协调,提出了其内力计算的有限差分解法。与传统方法相比,该法通过编程计算,可很容易获得锚索拉力、全桩内力和位移值及其分布规律。工程实例计算结果与现场测试结果的对比分析表明,本文提出的方法可行,其计算结果较好反映了锚索桩的实际受力状态和变化规律。     

孔隙水压力条件下含缺陷岩样破坏过程及声发射模拟

在平面应变压缩条件下,采用FLAC模拟了围压存在时孔隙压力对具有初始随机材料缺陷的岩石的破坏过程、前兆及声发射的影响。密实的岩石服从莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的破坏准则,破坏之后呈现应变软化-理想塑性行为。缺陷在破坏之后经历理想塑性行为。在孔隙压力存在时,缺陷在施加轴向加载速度之前就发生了破坏。当施加轴向速度后,声发射累积数先一度保持恒定,然后由于缺陷的长大声发射累积数发生了少量的突增。经历了一段短暂的平静之后,由于短剪切带聚合成长剪切带声发射累积数发生了大量的突增,穿越应力峰值。之后,仅有零星声发射活动,试样处于平静的残余变形阶段。随着孔隙压力的增加,应力峰值达到时的声发射累积数提高,应力峰值附近的声发射活动变得强烈,残余变形阶段达到时的声发射累积数提高。出现在软化阶段的最大失衡力的峰值随着孔隙压力的增加而降低。     

近30年来西藏那曲湿地变化及驱动力探讨

以RS/GIS为主要手段, 以基于60年代末航片绘制的那曲县1: 10万地形图、1990年TM遥感数据、2000年ETM遥感数据和1∶25万DEM数据为主要数据源, 结合那曲县温度、降水等资料, 对那曲县湿地分布、面积变迁和驱动力进行分析, 结果表明: 那曲县湿地变迁总体趋势自20世纪70年代以来呈萎缩趋势。空间差异表现为: 那曲县西部小型断陷湖盆谷地区域的湿地面积自70年代以来一直呈现萎缩趋势, 东部、南部高山宽谷地区、河源区湿地自经历70～90年代扩张后, 在90年代面积转为萎缩。气候波动和频繁的人类活动是湿地变迁的驱动力, 湿地的地质、水文等背景因素的不同可能是变迁差异的重要原因。     

Effect of Surcharge on the Stability of Anchored Rock Slope with Water Filled Tension Crack under Seismic Loading Condition

In this paper, an analytical expression is derived for the factor of safety of the rock slope incorporating most of the practically occurring destabilizing forces as well as the external stabilizing force through an anchoring system. The slope stability is analyzed as a two-dimensional problem, considering a slice of unit thickness through the slope and assuming negligible resistance to sliding at the lateral boundaries of the sliding block. A detailed parametric study is presented to investigate the effect of surcharge on the stability of the rock slope for practical ranges of governing parameters such as inclination of the slope face, inclination of the failure plane, depth of tension crack, depth of water in tension crack, shear strength parameters of the material at the failure plane, unit weight of rock, stabilizing force and its inclination, and seismic load. For the range of parameters considered in the present study, it is found that the factor of safety of the rock slope decreases with increase in surcharge; the rate of decrease being relatively higher for lower values of surcharge. It is also observed that for a specific surcharge, the factor of safety depends significantly on all other parameters, except for unit weight of rock and higher values of inclination of stabilizing force to the normal at the failure plane. For any combination of these variables, the surcharge plays a vital role in the stability. A perfectly stable slope at relatively low surcharge can become unsafe with the increase in surcharge. The deterioration in the stability can be quite rapid, depending on the combination of the factors under consideration. The analysis and the general expression proposed herein can be used to carry out a quantitative assessment of the stability of the rock slopes.