多孔介质中非均匀流动特性的染色示踪试验研究

通过土壤染色剂进行的4组试验,对不同介质结构条件下的水流和溶质非均匀运动规律,非均匀流动变异信息分布特征关系以及全局性非均匀流动示踪方法进行了研究。结果表明,即使在相对比较均匀的介质条件下,流动也表现出明显的非均匀特性;对数正态分布能够较好的反映水流的运动分布模式,相比水流运动,溶质的运动和分布规律明显不同,表现出更多的不确定性和变异性。     

1981—2018年中国东北地区秋冬季霾日变化及其与北极海冰的关系

利用中国东北地区1981—2018年166个地面气象观测站资料,定义了中国东北地区秋冬季霾日指数,分析了年际尺度上该地区霾日数与同期大气环流异常的内在关系。结果表明：中国东北地区秋冬季霾日指数存在显著的年际变化特征,欧亚—太平洋遥相关型(Eurasia-Pacific Teleconnection Pattern, EUP)负位相、东亚大槽偏弱等大气环流异常配置导致中国东北地区秋冬季霾的发生频次增加。巴伦支海与喀拉海北部海域是影响中国东北地区秋冬季霾日年际变化的海冰关键区,该区域海冰面积与霾日数呈显著负相关,北极海冰通过改变大气环流间接影响中国东北地区秋冬季霾日发生频次,当北极海冰异常偏少时,东亚冬季风偏弱,近地面风速偏低,环境湿度偏高,中国东北地区受东北亚异常反气旋西侧的异常偏南风控制,且受“EUP”负位相模态影响,东亚大槽减弱,有利于大气污染物和水汽向中国东北地区输送,该地区秋冬季霾的发生频次增加。     

Physical criteria for distinguishing sandy tsunami and storm deposits using modern examples

Modern subaerial sand beds deposited by major tsunamis and hurricanes were compared at trench, transect, and sub-regional spatial scales to evaluate which attributes are most useful for distinguishing the two types of deposits. Physical criteria that may be diagnostic include: sediment composition, textures and grading, types and organization of stratification, thickness, geometry, and landscape conformity.

Published reports of Pacific Ocean tsunami impacts and our field observations suggest that sandy tsunami deposits are generally < 25 cm thick, extend hundreds of meters inland from the beach, and fill microtopography but generally conform to the antecedent landscape. They commonly are a single homogeneous bed that is normally graded overall, or that consists of only a few thin layers. Mud intraclasts and mud laminae within the deposit are strong evidence of tsunami deposition. Twig orientation or other indicators of return flow during bed aggradation are also diagnostic of tsunami deposits. Sandy storm deposits tend to be > 30 cm thick, generally extend < 300 m from the beach, and will not advance beyond the antecedent macrotopography they are able to fill. They typically are composed of numerous subhorizontal planar laminae organized into multiple laminasets that are normally or inversely graded, they do not contain internal mud laminae and rarely contain mud intraclasts. Application of these distinguishing characteristics depends on their preservation potential and any deposit modifications that accompany burial.

The distinctions between tsunami and storm deposits are related to differences in the hydrodynamics and sediment-sorting processes during transport. Tsunami deposition results from a few high-velocity, long-period waves that entrain sediment from the shoreface, beach, and landward erosion zone. Tsunamis can have flow depths greater than 10 m, transport sediment primarily in suspension, and distribute the load over a broad region where sediment falls out of suspension when flow decelerates. In contrast, storm inundation generally is gradual and prolonged, consisting of many waves that erode beaches and dunes with no significant overland return flow until after the main flooding. Storm flow depths are commonly < 3 m, sediment is transported primarily as bed load by traction, and the load is deposited within a zone relatively close to the beach.     

1986-2006年国家自然科学基金大气科学领域面上项目基金资助及成果统计分析

利用国家自然科学基金委员会项目档案电子查询系统提供的历年项目申请书和结题报告定量化数据,对1986—2006年大气科学领域面上项目基金资助情况和成果进行了统计分析,并据此揭示了20年来面上项目基金资助强度的发展变化,分析了基金投入和成果产出之间的关系,以及科学基金项目在稳定我国大气科学人才队伍中的作用;也是大气科学领域自然科学基金面上项目20年资助状况的回顾和总结。     

Mobile sediment in an urbanizing karst aquifer: implications for contaminant transport

 Here we investigate geochemical characteristics of sediment in different compartments of a karst aquifer and demonstrate that mobile sediments in a karst aquifer can exhibit a wide range of properties affecting their contaminant transport potential. Sediment samples were collected from surface streams, sinkholes, caves, wells, and springs of a karst aquifer (the Barton Springs portion of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer, Central Texas) and their mineralogy, grain-size distribution, organic carbon content, and specific surface area analyzed. Statistical analysis of the sediments separated the sampling sites into three distinct groups: (1) streambeds, sinkholes, and small springs; (2) wells; and (3) caves. Sediments from the primary discharge spring were a mix of these three groups. High organic carbon content and high specific surface area gives some sediments an increased potential to transport contaminants; the volume of these sediments is likely to increase with continued urbanization of the watershed. Received: 13 April 1998 · Accepted: 6 October 1998     

相控阵技术在大气探测中的应用及面临的挑战

摘要： 近年国际上相控阵技术在大气探测领域中的应用有了重要进展,成为雷达气象学研究的又一新热点,并可能成为今后天气雷达发展的重要方向。介绍了相控阵技术在大气探测中应用现状和研究进展,以及近年在气象应用中所获得的最新研究结果,展望了相控阵技术的应用前景,进一步讨论了开展相控阵技术研究所面临的技术挑战和未来发展的方向。为我国开展相控阵天气雷达的研制提供参考。     

铁路交通引起的地面振动荷载确定

随着铁路交通建设的快速发展,铁路交通运行引起的环境振动日益引起人们的关注。为了更好地研究地面振动荷载的特性及其传播规律,根据列车本身的结构和道床结构特性,将钢轨、轨枕、道床以及高出地面部分的路基作为整体,建立车厢-转向架-道床结构体的地面振动荷载二系弹簧计算模型,通过分析现场测试得到的地面振动速度数据和车辆自身的振动情况,并利用傅立叶变换程序FFT对地面振动荷载数据进行傅立叶变换,得到地面振动荷载的数定表达式。     

地中蒸渗计水分运移机理及其监测误差分析

对地中蒸渗计与自然潜水水分运移机理存在的差异及误差进行了分析。结果表明：地中蒸渗计与自然潜水在水位动态、水分存储、水分运移等方面存在一定的差异，使得利用地中蒸渗计监测的潜水蒸发量、降雨入渗补给量与自然潜水的实际情况产生了一定的误差，这种误差随着潜水埋深的变化而变化，潜水埋深越浅，误差越大，潜水埋深越深，误差越小。特别对于潜水埋深小于1．5m的地中蒸渗计，使用其资料时一定要作适当的技术处理，如果直接引用，将会给计算成果带来较大的误差。     

Simultaneous transport of water and solutes under transient unsaturated flow conditions — A case study

The imbalance between incoming and outgoing salt causes salinization of soils and sub-soils that result in increasing the salinity of stream-flows and agriculture land. This salinization is a serious environmental hazard particularly in semi-arid and arid lands. In order to estimate the magnitude of the hazard posed by salinity, it is important to understand and identify the processes that control salt movement from the soil surface through the root zone to the ground water and stream flows. In the present study, Malaprabha sub-basin (up to dam site) has been selected which has two distinct climatic zones, sub-humid (upstream of Khanapur) and semi-arid region (downstream of Khanapur). In the upstream, both surface and ground waters are used for irrigation, whereas in the downstream mostly groundwater is used. Both soils and ground waters are more saline in downstream parts of the study area. In this study we characterized the soil salinity and groundwater quality in both areas. An attempt is also made to model the distribution of potassium concentration in the soil profile in response to varying irrigation conditions using the SWIM (Soil-Water Infiltration and Movement) model. Fair agreement was obtained between predicted and measured results indicating the applicability of the model.