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991.
A comprehensive study of the turbulent structure of the atmospheric boundary layer in unstable conditions has been carried out using turbulence data obtained from the Gobi desert, grassland, suburban and urban sites based on the same instrumentation, data acquisition and data processing systems. The normalized standard deviations of u and v over the suburban and urban sites are systematically smaller than those over the Gobi desert and grassland sites. However, the normalized standard deviations of w, temperature and humidity q over the suburban and urban sites are quite close to those over the Gobi desert and grassland sites. The normalized humidity standard deviations are quite similar to those of temperature over the grassland and suburban sites. The temperature and humidity spectra are found to be independentof atmospheric stability in all frequency ranges, but spectra obtained from the Gobi desert and grassland sites reveal flatter peaks than those of the suburban and urban sites in the lower frequency range. The normalized spectral curves of temperature and humidity are independent of atmospheric stability both at high and low frequencies. The spectral characteristics of humidity over the grassland and suburban sites aresimilar to those of temperature, but the humidity spectra over the Gobi desert site are quite different from temperature spectra due to evaporation and/or large eddies in the boundary layer. 相似文献
992.
Summary The spherical barotropic model in combination with angular momentum conservation in the Earth-atmosphere system is used to calculate the difference in the LOD between winter and summer. 相似文献
993.
对常用大气模式中的垂直离散问题进行了讨论。指出了在积分静力方程和计算垂直平流、垂直扩散等时存在的问题,提出了可以采取的措施和改进办法。还对垂直坐标和基函数的选择进行了讨论。 相似文献
994.
995.
996.
Wayne M. Angevine Henk Klein Baltink Fred C. Bosveld 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,101(2):209-227
The morning transition between the stable nocturnal situation and the daytime convective boundary layer (CBL) is of interest both for basic understanding and for initializing prognostic models. While the morning growth phase of the CBL has been studied in detail, relatively little has been published on the transition itself. In this paper, conventional observations of surface temperature, humidity, and turbulent fluxes,and data from a meteorological tower, are combined with measurements of the onset of convection by boundary-layer wind profilers to explore the timing and behaviour of the transition period. The transition is defined here as the period between sunrise and the time at which the depth ofconvection reaches about 200 m AGL. Diagnostic relationships based on surface heat flux, the temperature difference between 2 m and 200 m, and bulk Richardson number are explored. The transition is foundto be enabled by surface heating relaxing the surface stability, while the warming of the layerbetween 2 m and 200 m is in large part due to shear-driven entrainment. 相似文献
997.
Utilizing data from NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis, the summertime atmospheric diabatic heating due to different physical processes
is investigated over the Sahara desert, the Tibetan Plateau, and the Bay of Bengal. Atmospheric circulation systems in summer
over these three areas are also studied. Thermal adaptation theory is employed to explain the relationship between the circulation
and the atmospheric diabatic heating.
Over the Sahara desert, heating resulting from the surface sensible heat flux dominates the near-surface layer, while radiative
cooling is dominant upward from the boundary layer. There is positive vorticity in the shallow boundary layer and negative
vorticity in the middle and upper troposphere. Downward motion prevails over the Sahara desert, except in the shallow near—surface
layer where weak ascent exists in summer. Over the Tibetan Plateau, strong vertical diffusion resulting from intense surface
sensible heat flux to the overlying atmosphere contributes most to the boundary layer heating, condensation associated with
large—scale ascent is another contributor to the lower layer heating. Latent heat release accompanying deep convection is
critical in offsetting longwave radiative cooling in the middle and upper troposphere. The overall diabatic heating is positive
in the whole troposphere in summer, with the most intense heating located in the boundary layer. Convergence and positive
vorticity occur in the shallow near—surface layer and divergence and negative vorticity exist deeply in the middle and upper
troposphere. Accordingly, upward motion prevails over the Plateau in summer, with the most intense rising occurring near the
ground surface. Over the Bay of Bengal, summertime latent heat release associated with deep convection exceeds longwave radiative
cooling, resulting in intense heating in almost the whole troposphere. The strongest heating over the Bay of Bengal is located
around 400 hPa, resulting in the most intense rising occurring between 300 hPa and 400 hPa, and producing positive vorticity
in the lower troposphere and negative vorticity in the upper troposphere. It is also shown that the divergent circulation
is from a heat source region to a sink region in the upper troposphere and vice versa in lower layers.
This work was jointly supported by “ National Key Program for Developing Basic Sciences” G1998040904 by NSFC projects 49805003,
49635170, 49823002, and 49825504. 相似文献
998.
Two situations observed during the second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2) are analysed from aircraft measurements in the broken stratocumulus (Sc)-topped marine boundary layer. The first one (26 June 1997), characterized by a non-polluted, oceanic air mass, presents a decoupling between the Sc layer (1400–1520 m) and the turbulent mixed layer, this latter extending from the surface up to 580 m. In contrast, the second case (9 July 1997), during which continental air had been advected over the experimental area, presents a well-coupled layer extending from the surface up to the top of the Sc layer(910 m). This coupling, uncommon in this area in the middle of the day, isrelated to the relative shallowness of the boundary layer. For both situations,it is shown that the turbulent fluxes can be computed with reasonably goodaccuracy (better than 10 %), taking into account both the random and thesystematic errors involved in the eddy-correlation technique. Estimationof random error is based on the computation of the integral scale of thecovariance, and systematic error is estimated from the parameterizationof Mann and Lenschow. The fluxes show that the buoyancy, as a sourceof turbulence, is due to latent heat flux rather than sensible heat flux,with values comparable to previous experiments in the Azores-Canariesbasin. In addition, we propose a method to analyse, for coupled situations,the relationship between the fractional cloudiness and the organization ofthe turbulent field below the clouds. This method is based on a conditionalsampling technique. It is shown that this organization cannot be deducedfrom the analysis of the velocity signal, which is dominated by turbulence.However, when the signals are conditionally sampled according to thepresence or absence of clouds, a weak cloud-related organization can beshown, and the cloud-related transports quantified; the values found areof the order of 10 % of the total transfers, i.e. the same order of magnitude asthe errors on the total flux computation. The method developed is thereforepromising, provided that the uncertainties can be reduced by analyzing a highamount of data. 相似文献
999.
Jeroen E. Sonke William C. Burnett Jurian A. Hoogewerff Sieger R. van der Laan Jaco Vangronsveld D. Reide Corbett 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2003,29(1):95-107
Pb-210 dating of two metal-polluted organic sedimentcores obtained near a former pyrometallurgical zinc smelter in Lommel, Belgiumhave been used to reconstruct atmospheric lead deposition rates during the20th century. Independent knowledge concerning historical pollutionevents and 137Cs fall-out profiles has allowed a criticalevaluation of the CRS, CIC and CF-CS models for the 210Pb ageinterpretation. Resulting ages for the three models suggest that, in this case,the CIC model gives the most accurate interpretation of historical pollutionevents and atmospheric lead fall-out. The 210Pbwater-sediment flux was estimated at 141–1158Bq·m–2·yr–1 for one site and62–106 Bq·m–2·yr–1 at theother site, during the last century. The large difference illustrates thatsediment focusing was important on a small spatial scale (10 m).The direction of focusing correlates with the predominant wind direction.Maximum atmospheric lead deposition rates were found to be 1.63 ± 0.59g·m–2·yr–1 around 1968 AD,which is 2 orders of magnitude larger than the Belgian average in 1980 AD, and5 orders larger than Holocene atmospheric lead deposition. 相似文献
1000.
采用AE-D卫星上中性大气数密度的观测资料,分析了1975年11月内多次磁暴期间热层大气中氦和原子氧与氮分子之数密度比值的变化.结果表明,磁暴对中性大气加热的理论是符合实际情况的.低热层大气受热抬升使较高高度上的大气中质量较轻成分的数密度相对比例有明显下降,而较重成分的百分比则有增加.与地磁宁静期间相比,在140-10km高度上n(He)/n(N2)之比值降低了一个数量级,而n(Ar)/n(N2)的增幅则略大于一个数量级.此比值的变化幅度大小随高度而变,但各高度上暴时变化的发展趋势是基本一致的. 相似文献