Use of coupled ozone fields in a 3-D circulation model of the middle atmosphere

With a detailed chemistry scheme for the middle atmosphere up to 70 km which has been added to the 3-D Karlsruhe simulation model of the middle atmosphere (KASIMA), the effects of coupling chemistry and dynamics through ozone are studied for the middle atmosphere. An uncoupled version using an ozone climatology for determining heating rates and a coupled version using on-line ozone are compared in a 10-month integration with meteorological analyses for the winter 1992/93 as the lower boundary condition. Both versions simulate the meteorological situation satisfactorily, but exhibit a too cold lower stratosphere. The on-line ozone differs from the climatological data between 20 and 40 km by exhibiting too high ozone values, whereas in the lower mesosphere the ozone values are too low. The coupled model version is stable and differs only above 40 km significantly from the uncoupled version. Direct heating effects are identified to cause most of the differences. The well-known negative correlation between temperature and ozone is reproduced in the model. As a result, the coupled version slightly approaches the climatological ozone field. Further feedback effects are studied by using the on-line ozone field as a basis for an artificial climatology. For non-disturbed ozone conditions realistic monthly and zonally averaged ozone data are sufficient to determine the heating rates for modelling the middle atmosphere.     

Mountain wave motions determined by the Esrange MST radar

A European campaign of ground-based radar, lidar and optical measurements was carried out during the winter of 1996/1997 (28 December–2 February) to study lee waves in the northern part of Scandinavia. The participants operated ozone lidars, backscatter lidars and MST radars at ALOMAR/Andoya and Esrange/Kiruna, and an ALIS imaging system in Kiruna. The Andoya site was generally windward of the Scandinavian mountains, the Kiruna site on the leeward side. The goal of the experiment was to examine the influence of lee waves on the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs). This paper studies the radar data from MST-radar ESRAD located at Esrange [68.°N, 21.°E], i.e. in the lee of the mountains. We present three cases where strong lee waves were observed: in one case they propagated upwards to the lower stratosphere and in the other two cases they were trapped or absorbed in the troposphere. We examine the local waves and the direction and strength of the local wind using the radar, the synoptic meteorological situation using weather maps (European Meteorological Bulletin) and the synoptic stratospheric temperatures using ECMWF data. We observed that waves propagate up to the stratosphere during frontal passages. When anticyclonic ridges are present, the propagation to the stratosphere is very weak. This is due to trapping of the waves at or below the tropopause. We also show that the radar data alone can be used to characterise the different weather conditions for the three cases studied (through the variation of the height of the tropopause). The synoptic stratospheric temperatures in the three cases were similar, and were above the expected threshold for PSC formation. Lidar and visual observation of PSCs and nacreous clouds, respectively, showed that these were present only in the case when the lee waves propagated up to the lower stratosphere.     

Circulation and Mixing of Water Masses of Tatar Strait and the Northwestern Boundary Region of the Japan Sea

The deep waters of the northern portions of the Japan Sea are examined. It is found that the flow regime south of the southern Tatar Strait region is generally cyclonic in the upper ocean, with only weak flows present below depths of a few hundred meters. The Japan Sea appears to be remarkably well-mixed below depths of a few hundred meters, both horizontally and vertically. Based on chlorofluorocarbon measurements, it is concluded that the deep waters of the Japan Sea have been only weakly ventilated in recent decades. Results from a simple box model suggest two possible scenarios for the ventilation of the Japan Sea since the 1930s. In the first scenario, deep ventilation of the Japan Sea was relatively weak, but constant, from the 1930s to the present, with a deep-water residence time of approximately 500 years. In the second scenario, ventilation was relatively vigorous through the mid-1960s, with a deep-water residence time of approximately 100 years; after the mid-1960s, the ventilation of the deep waters stopped. The model results are consistent with the idea that presently the ventilation of the deep water of the Japan Sea is weak or nonexistent. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Blueschist blocks at Mochimaru in the Tari-Misaka ultramafic complex: Their petrologic characteristics and significance

Blueschist tectonic blocks occur in serpentinites at Mochimaru, Hiroshima Prefecture, Southwest Japan. They contain alkali amphibole coexisting with pumpellyite and chlorite, with or without calcic amphibole. Textural and chemical analyses reveal that the blueschists, together with other mafic schists, have similar metamorphic history. After their capture by serpentinites and before the emplacement of the serpentinites into the present geological position, the tectonic blocks were subjected to high P/T metamorphism around the boundary between the blueschist and pumpellyite–actinolite facies. The amphiboles formed by this metamorphism change from tremolite through glaucophane to ferroglaucophane with increasing FeO/MgO of whole rock compositions. The P–T conditions are estimated to be within 200–350°C and 5–7 kbar. These are higher P/T conditions than those of the regional metamorphism of Southwest Japan. The difference in the P–T conditions implies differences in tectonic situation and timing of metamorphism between the blocks and regional metamorphic rocks. In addition, the high P/T metamorphism of the tectonic blocks probably occurred in more reducing environments than the regional metamorphism. Because the ferric/ferrous iron ratios of the tectonic blocks are within a narrow range, it is stressed that oxygen fugacity was externally buffered during the high P/T metamorphism by the serpentinization process of the host ultramafic rocks. The reducing effect of serpentinization is common throughout the high P/T metamorphic terranes of Southwest Japan.     

山地温冰川中的气候环境记录研究

以北欧Ａｕｓｔｒｅ Ｏｋｓｔｉｎｂｒｅｅｎ冰川为例,概括介绍了海洋型气候区温冰川内气候环境信息的主要特征。山地温冰川积雪中的环境记录,如氧同位素,阴阳离子含量的变化虽然受到了冰雪中的融水渗透的干扰,但仍可作为短期局部气候环境变化的理想指示器。通过与实测的气象气候资料对比,积雪中化学分析结果表明了若干重要特征：积累区雪层剖面中的氧同位素变化,较好地反映了本地区的气候变化特别是降水时的温度递变细节以及     

大别山北麓侏罗系大理岩砾石的碳—氧同位素组成及地质意义

在大别山北麓、合肥盆地南缘侏罗系三尖铺组和凤凰台组地层中含有大理岩砾石, 属山麓冲积扇环境沉积。它们的δ１３ Ｃ数值范围为－ １．７‰～１．３‰, 大多数近于零值, 它们的δ１８Ｏ数值从６．５‰～２３．０‰。大别地块佛子岭群大理岩的δ１３Ｃ数值为－ ２．０‰～－ ２．５‰, δ１８Ｏ数值范围从６．３‰～１３．１‰。大别地块高压和超高压变质岩带的大理岩的δ１３ Ｃ数值为１‰～６‰,δ１８Ｏ数值为５‰～２３‰。碳同位素组成的明显差别表明现今大别地块佛子岭群和高压、超高压变质岩不是合肥盆地南缘侏罗系大理岩砾石的来源区。由于δ１３Ｃ的数值不随δ１８Ｏ值的降低而变化, 且分布在一个狭窄的范围, 合肥盆地南缘侏罗系大理岩砾石的碳同位素组成代表了它的原岩在沉积时海水的同位素记录。     

化学絮凝法对钛白废水的处理

详述了硫酸铝钾－聚丙烯酰胺体系处理钛白废水的研究,较全面地分析了江西赣东化工厂钛白废水的物质组成和污染负荷,对该处理体系的工艺条件进行了系统研究,确定了最佳工艺条件。结果表明,该体系处理钛白废水,能有效降低废水中污染物质,值得作进一步研究。     

基于物理约束GRU神经网络的河流水质预测模型

河流水质预测对于水环境管理与水污染防治具有重要意义。近年来,以神经网络为代表的非机理性水质预测模型已被广泛应用于河流水质预测领域。然而,此类模型不考虑水质因子变化的物理机理,导致预测结果难以解释、稳定性差。为此,本文将水质因子变化的物理规律视为一种先验知识约束,建模于门控循环单元神经网络（Gated Recurrent Unit, GRU）之中,以河流水质预测的重要参数溶解氧为例,提出了一种物理约束的门控循环单元网络（Physics-constrained Gated Recurrent Unit, PHY_GRU）。以美国亚特兰大市2021年河流溶解氧预测为例进行实例验证,结果表明：① PHY_GRU与差分自回归移动平均模型、多层感知机和门控循环单元模型相比,预测精度和稳定性明显提升,其中预测均方根误差分别降低了94.8%,62.9%和37.2%;② 综合考虑多种物理规律约束可以提升PHY_GRU的预测精度和稳定性;③ PHY_GRU采用门控循环单元模型训练样本的30%,其预测精度和稳定性即可超过门控循环单元模型。本文提供了一种在神经网络模型中融入水质先验知识的研究思路,有助于提升水质预测模型辅助决策的水平。     

夏季烟台—威海北部近海溶解氧浓度垂向分布的最小值

基于2020年夏季的大面航次观测数据,分析了烟台—威海北部海洋牧场及邻近海域海水溶解氧浓度垂向分布最小值（氧最小值层）的空间分布特征,并探讨了影响因素。从6月至8月,海水溶解氧浓度不断减小,垂向结构亦存在显著变化。海水溶解氧浓度垂向分布的最小值主要集中于7月的近岸海域,最小值大致从外海向近岸方向减小,其距离海底高度及与底层溶解氧浓度之差的绝对值均于双岛湾邻近海域为最大。海水溶解氧浓度垂向分布的最小值位于最强密度层结以下。但是海水溶解氧浓度垂向分布最小值的强度向北减小,而密度层结向北增大,两者的空间分布基本相反,说明密度层结抑制垂向湍流扩散可极大减少深层海水溶解氧的来源,是海水溶解氧浓度垂向分布最小值形成的必要条件,但不是主导因素。在海水溶解氧浓度垂向分布的最小值层,表观耗氧量存在垂向分布的最大值,大部分站点的pH存在垂向分布的最小值,说明局地增强、持续的生物地球化学耗氧是控制海水溶解氧浓度垂向分布最小值形成和空间分布的一个重要过程。研究结果表明氧最小值层是夏季烟台—威海北部近岸海水溶解氧垂向结构的典型特征之一。     

不同溶解氧水平下湖泊底泥-水界面磷交换影响因素分析

在实验室控制条件下,研究了玄武湖底泥在饱和溶解氧、75%、50%、25%、0%溶解氧水平下底泥-水界面磷交换,探讨了溶解氧对底泥-水界面磷交换的影响途径.结果表明:(1)上覆水溶解氧与玄武湖底泥溶解性磷酸盐、溶解性总磷释放速率呈开口向上的抛物线关系;(2)上覆水溶解氧水平可以决定磷在底泥-水界面交换中的转换方向,而且还影响间隙水中溶解氧扩散深度,25%、50%、75%和饱和溶解氧水平下溶解氧最大扩散深度分别为0.974cm、1.377cm、1.687cm和1.948cm,溶解氧在间隙水中最大扩散深度影响底泥-水界面的磷交换;(3)溶解氧可通过影响底泥-水界面处电位、藻类聚磷作用以及pH来影响底泥-水界面的磷交换.