察尔汗盐湖盐田渗漏及其工程地质条件分析

１９８１年以来对察尔汗盐湖三次渗漏试验结果表明,盐田渗漏是盐田土层与外界条件综合作用的结果,在盐田建设和生产管理过程中,应结合不同地点的土层特性、工程地质条件和其它有关条件,采取不同的处理措施。     

On the conception ‘Fair weather condition’ in atmospheric electricity

Measurements of atmospheric electrical and meteorological parameters during different meteorological conditions indicate that the use of the conception Fair weather condition in atmospheric electricity is discussable. Fair weather contains a very broad stability range, from very unstable to strong stable stability of the atmosphere. For turbulent fluctuations of the electric parameters (the most local variations) the variations are determined by the micrometeorological processes for all stability conditions.These fluctuations represent frequencies greater than one period per four minutes. For lower frequencies (less local variations), however, the stability dependency increases. During stable conditions the electric field and vertical current density were nearly wholly influenced by the charges and their transfer in the nearest layer. During near-neutral and unstable conditions the electrical parameters were influenced by more separated sources. Measurements of how well Ohm's law was fulfilled also indicate the difficulties by using the conception fair weather. The measurements also indicate the importance of taking the convection current density into consideration in studies of the electric charge transfer in the atmosphere.In the more large scale of variations measurements of the electric field by radiosoundings show that 88% of the ionospheric potential is derived from the troposphere, where the meteorological processes are of fundamental character for the atmospheric electrical phenomena. The relatively great stability of the diurnal variation of the large scale or global electric field is also valid for the meteorological processes in this scale of variations.     

Intercomparison of New Zealand filter ozonometer and Dobson spectrophotometer total ozone measurements

A commercial version of the prototype New Zealand narrowband interference filter instrument has been run at Garmisch-Partenkirchen since autumn 1977. The vicinity of the Dobson stations Hohenpeissenberg and Arosa permitted a check of the filter instrument's utility, reliability and long-term stability in total ozone measurement by (i) station to station-or short-range intercomparisons of daily means and (ii) a several days' direct intercomparison at Arosa in spring 1978.The regression analysis with the Hohenpeissenberg data-covering the five month autumn-winter 1977/78 period with highly variable ozone-shows that the filter instrument's direct-sun modeX _AD total ozone values were systematically too low by a conversion factor of 0.93. The excellent proportionality between the instruments is indicated by the standard deviation of only 1,3%. The (–7.0±1.3%) bias perfectly agrees with the result reported byBasher [1] for a similar, yet direct, intercomparison.During the direct Arosa intercomparison the filter instrument also tracked down short-time variations in a remarkable, though biased, parallelism with the Dobson instruments, and theX _AD daily means fit well into the prognostic relationship derived from the preceding autumn-winter short-range intercomparison.A creeping deterioration of the characteristics of the 305.5 nm double filter then prevented any furtherX _AD total ozone intercomparison. No final decision is possible whether this behaviour after a half year's run is typical or just an unusual exception. The otherwise excellent long-term stability is demonstrated by the comparison of theX _CD daily means with the HohenpeissenbergX _AD data for a 1 1/2 year's period (autumn 1977–spring 1979), resulting in the same bias relationship as for theX _AD total ozone measurements.     

Measurement of lower-stratospheric aerosol by a balloon-borne photometer

Height distribution of the stratospheric aerosol extinction coefficient was measured in the altitude range 10 to 20 km by a balloon-borne multi-color sunphotometer in May 1978. It is demonstrated that detailed structures of the distribution of stratospheric aerosol can be remotely measured by the solar occultation method as well as by lidar andin situ particle counter observations. In the aerosol layer appearing at 18 km altitude the extinction coefficient at 800–1000 nm wavelength reached to 3×10^–7 m^–1, which was reasonable compared with lidar observations. Wavelength dependence of the aerosol optical depth was crudely estimated to be proportional to ^–1.5.     

The characteristics of rain electricity in Nigeria. I — Magnitudes and variations

The characteristics of rain and point charges based on routine measurements extending over four rainy seasons are presented. An average rain current density of (1.0±0.1)×10^–10 A m^–2 and charge per unit volume of rain water of (0.43±0.02)×10^–4 C m^–3 for the locality are obtained, which are compared with data obtained elsewhere by other workers. The point-discharge current measurements lead to a revised estimate of (0.86±0.08)×10^–9 A m^–2 for the average point discharge current below storm clouds.     

Equations of kinetic and available potential energy evolution in wave-number frequency space

The equations of kinetic and available potential energy for the analysis of the growth and decay of atmospheric waves in wave-number-frequency space are derived. The effects of linear and nonlinear interactions of waves in the velocity and temperature fields, the conversions between the available potential and kinetic energies, and the Reynolds and molecular stresses on wave growth and decay are discussed.     

Global distribution of gaseous mercury in the troposphere

Atmospheric mercury concentrations were measured during a nautical expedition on the Atlantic Ocean between Hamburg (54°N, 10°E) and Santo Domingo (20°N, 67°W). In addition, samples were taken during flights on a commerical aircraft in the upper and middle troposphere between 60°N and 55°S, mostly over the Pacific Ocean. The data obtained in the lower troposphere over the Northern Atlantic show considerable variation in the Hg concentrations, with values ranging between 1 and 11 ng/m³; the average concentration was found to be 2.8 ng/m³. The upper tropospheric data show an interhemispheric difference with average values of 1.45 ng/m³ and 1.08 ng/m³ in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, respectively. This suggests that mercury production occurs predominantly over the continents both by natural and anthropogenic processes. The mercury content in aerosols was found to be 0.3 ng/m³, or one-tenth of the atmospheric concentration. The data indicate a mean residence time of mercury in the atmosphere of a few months to one year.     

A land surface model (IAP94) for climate studies Part II: Implementation and preliminary results of coupled model with IAP GCM

The Institute of Atmospheric Physics Land Surface Model (IAP94) has been incorporated into the IAP two-level atmospheric general circulation model (IAP GCM). Global and regional climatology averaged over the last 25 years of 100 year integrations from the IAP GCM with and without IAP94 (“bucket” scheme) is compared. The simulated results are also compared with the reanalysis data. Major findings are:(1) The IAP GCM simulation without IAP94 has extensive regions of warmer than observed surface air tempera?tures, while the simulation with IAP94 very much improves the surface air temperature.(2) The IAP GCM simulation with IAP94 gives improvement of the simulated precipitation pattern and intensity, especially the precipitation of East Asian summer monsoon and its intraseasonal migration of the rainbelts.(3) In five selected typical regions, for most of the surface variables such as surface air temperature, precipitation, precipitation minus evaporation, net radiation, latent heat flux and sensible heat flux, the IAP GCM with IAP94 pro?vides better simulations.     

湖泊水位资料与模型模拟恢复的6000年前全球湿润状况的对比研究

本项研究是ＰＭＩＰ（ＰａｌａｅｏｃｌｉｍａｔｅＭｏｄｅｌｉｎｇＩｎｔｅｒｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎＰｒｏｊｅｃｔ）国际合作项目中有关模型模拟与观测资料对比的一部分。模型试验对象是６０００ｙｒ．ＢＰ的全球湿润状况。模拟试验以检测太阳辐射变化对全球大尺度气候系统的影响为主要目的。观测资料是利用地质证据恢复的古湖泊水位变化,实际上是某一地区的有效降水（降水减蒸发）的变化。通过两者的比较发现,所有模拟试验均能重现６０００ｙｒ．ＢＰ在亚洲南部与非洲北部的湿润环境,从而证实了因太阳辐射变化导致的亚洲与非洲季风的增强。但模拟的季风增强无论是强度还是范围均小于地质记录。原因很可能是模拟试验中下垫面特征用“现代”的来处理。模拟试验对北半球夏季辐射增加造成的西风带北移及由此引起的中纬度地区的气候变化不够成功。绝大多数模拟对受洋流与海温影响较大的地区是失败的。主要原因可能是所有ＰＭＩＰ中的模拟试验都未考虑海洋的作用。     

大气密度方程

通过一个思想实验把大气密度的时空分布函数与一个概率分布函数联系了起来,又利用最大熵原理导出了一个新的全球大气的方程,即大气密度方程。文章给出了它的通解并指出等温大气的压力高度公式是它的一个特解。对这个新的理论思路,新的方程和它的应用潜力作了初步讨论。