High-resolution observations of aggregate flux during a sub-polar North Atlantic spring bloom

An aggregate flux event was observed by ship and by four underwater gliders during the 2008 sub-polar North Atlantic spring bloom experiment (NAB08). At the height of the diatom bloom, aggregates were observed as spikes in measurements of both particulate backscattering coefficient (b_bp) and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Optical sensors on the ship and gliders were cross-calibrated through a series of simultaneous profiles, and b_bp was converted to particulate organic carbon. The aggregates sank as a discrete pulse, with an average sinking rate of ∼75 m d⁻¹; 65% of aggregate backscattering and 90% of chlorophyll fluorescence content was lost between 100 m and 900 m. Mean aggregate organic carbon flux at 100 m in mid-May was estimated at 514 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹, consistent with independent flux estimates. The use of optical spikes observed from gliders provides unprecedented coupled vertical and temporal resolution measurements of an aggregate flux event.     

海冰对南极磷虾（Euphausua superba）资源丰度的影响

利用1997-2008年南极磷虾产量及各月南极海冰面积数据,分析南极磷虾产量的时空分布,以及海冰对南极磷虾资源丰度的影响。结果表明,近年来南极磷虾年平均产量在11万t左右,主要来自48渔区,渔汛期为3—7月。但不同渔区（48．1区、48．2区和48．3区）在不同年份和季节,其产量和CPUE均有明显差异。分析认为,48区...     

西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼渔场叶绿素a分布及其与渔场的关系

根据收集到的2000-2007年我国各渔业企业生产数据和卫星获取的叶绿素a浓度环境数据,分析了西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼渔场的叶绿素a与渔场的分布特点及二者之间的关系.研究表明,近8a西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼中心渔场均位于58°W～61°W、44S°～46°S海域,1～5月渔荻量随月份的推移呈现季节性周期变化趋势,3月是渔汛...     

Timing of the Northern Prince Gustav Ice Stream retreat and the deglaciation of northern James Ross Island,Antarctic Peninsula during the last glacial–interglacial transition

The Northern Prince Gustav Ice Stream located in Prince Gustav Channel, drained the northeastern portion of the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet during the last glacial maximum. Here we present a chronology of its retreat based on in situ produced cosmogenic ¹⁰Be from erratic boulders at Cape Lachman, northern James Ross Island. Schmidt hammer testing was adopted to assess the weathering state of erratic boulders in order to better interpret excess cosmogenic ¹⁰Be from cumulative periods of pre-exposure or earlier release from the glacier. The weighted mean exposure age of five boulders based on Schmidt hammer data is 12.9 ± 1.2 ka representing the beginning of the deglaciation of lower-lying areas (< 60 m a.s.l.) of the northern James Ross Island, when Northern Prince Gustav Ice Stream split from the remaining James Ross Island ice cover. This age represents the minimum age of the transition from grounded ice stream to floating ice shelf in the middle continental shelf areas of the northern Prince Gustav Channel. The remaining ice cover located at higher elevations of northern James Ross Island retreated during the early Holocene due to gradual decay of terrestrial ice and increase of equilibrium line altitude. Schmidt hammer R-values are inversely correlated with ¹⁰Be exposure ages and could be used as a proxy for exposure history of individual granite boulders in this region and favour the hypothesis of earlier release of boulders with excessive ¹⁰Be concentrations from glacier directly at this site. These data provide evidences for an earlier deglaciation of northern James Ross Island when compared with other recently presented cosmogenic nuclide based deglaciation chronologies, but this timing coincides with rapid increase of atmospheric temperature in this marginal part of Antarctica.     

Stream analysis of small drainage basins in an ancient landform,Korean Peninsula

Much of the topography of Korea is ancient, but many Quaternary fault outcrops and marine terraces have been observed in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula. Sufficient evidence of a Quaternary fault is lacking in the geological features of the commercially developed Jukbyun and Uljin areas. Knickpoints that develop on streams can be formed by tectonic activity such as faulting and folding, or can result simply from the differential erosion rates of bedrock. In this study, we investigated the relationship between stream steepness and faults in the Jukbyun area. Stream profile analyses of the Bugu and Namdae basins were performed using a digital elevation model to estimate Quaternary tectonic movements. Stream parameters obtained from analysis of the longitudinal stream profiles of the Bugu and Namdae drainage basins in the northeastern part of the Korean Peninsula indicated neotectonic movement. Thirty of the thirty-nine knickpoints that developed in the downstream areas of the fluvial channels corresponded to fault zones. It is thought that fault activity results in knickpoints in river systems. The normalized relative slope (K_sn) value (54.9) of the BS1 stream in the Bugu drainage basin was higher than that (28.8–36.3) of the other streams in both basins, despite a similar lithology to NS1 and NS2. Therefore, we concluded that stream steepness might be a result of tectonic forcing rather than a product of rock strength in the study area and that stream parameters could provide indirect evidence of Quaternary tectonics in ancient landforms.     

青海省裕龙沟地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿方向

在1∶5万水系沉积物测量的基础上,对青海省共和县裕龙沟地区的地球化学特征进行了初步分析,对元素分布特征、元素的富集离散特征、元素相关性分析、异常元素组合特征进行了研究,并对工区圈定的综合异常按元素进行了排序,初步了解了工区的地球化学特征,发现 Cu,Ni,Pt,Pd,Au 为区内具有成矿潜力的元素。划分出裕龙沟外围、欧角北、谢日陇、勒陇、锐山5个找矿靶区,为下一步的地质找矿工作指明了方向。     

尊重传统的河溪近自然水系营造:以宁波奉化大堰镇区为例

以“大堰磡”为枢纽的河漫滩村镇水系营造为例,阐述了在乡村景观营造中充分挖掘当地乡土历史智慧和近自然水景营造的重要性。深入调查大堰镇历史上“大堰磡”和其它传统的河溪利用方式,并综合分析大堰镇的历史变迁、村落格局等现状和未来可持续发展需求。基于河漫滩生态蓄水原理开展河溪近自然景观营造设计,恢复历史上以“大堰磡”为枢纽的扇形网络状水系,创造人-水和谐的“水镇”景观。在河溪景观营造中,尊重传统水系生态结构,在兼顾人类活动的前提下,充分利用微地形变化,模拟河溪和传统河漫滩自然生态特征,保证河溪生态功能的发挥,营造可持续健康的河溪水系。     

Testing different sorting techniques in macroinvertebrate samples from running waters

With the aim of finding an efficient, standardised and practical protocol for sorting macroinvertebrate samples for water management practice, three different sorting techniques were tested: RIVPACS sorting, a modified AQEM/STAR (MAS) sorting protocol and a Live-sorting method. Based on the same AQEM/STAR sample to ensure comparable results, we compared RIVPACS and MAS sorting for 20 samples, and Live-sorting and MAS for a different set of 20 samples. Comparisons were based on both ecological and financial parameters relevant for the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive in Germany. Parameters include recently developed multimetric assessment indices, their stream type specific core metric results, time effort and costs. While RIVPACS and MAS sorting produced similar results in terms of ecological assessment, time effort and costs, Live-sorting differed notably in all three respects. Live-sorting is the quickest and least expensive protocol, but shows higher variability than the other protocols. We discuss the differences and the level of standardisation for each of these methods.     

Spatial and temporal variability of flood seasonality in Wales

High‐magnitude floods across Europe within the last decade have resulted in the widespread reassessment of flood risk; this coupled with the introduction of the Water Framework Directive (2000) has increased the need for a detailed understanding of seasonal variability in flood magnitude and frequency. Mean day of flood (MDF) and flood seasonality were calculated for Wales using 30 years of gauged river‐flow records (1973–2002). Noticeable regional variations in timing and length of flood season are evident, with flooding occurring earlier in small catchments draining higher elevations in north and mid‐west Wales. Low‐altitude regions in West Wales exposed to westerly winds experience flooding during October–January, while large eastern draining catchments experience later flooding (January–February). In the northeast and mid‐east regions December–January months experience the greatest number of floods, while the southeast has a slightly longer flood season (December–February), with a noticeable increase in January floods. Patterns obtained from MDF data demonstrate their effectiveness and use in analysing regional patterns in flood seasonality, but catchment‐specific determinants, e.g. catchment wetness, size and precipitation regime are important factors in flood seasonality. Relatively strong correlations between precipitation and flood activity are evident in Wales, with a poorer relationship between flooding and weather types and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.