北冰洋门捷列夫海岭富锰棕色层稀土元素组成特征与来源初步分析

北冰洋深海广泛分布的富锰棕色沉积层(棕色层)是海冰、洋流、物源供给等多种因素共同作用的结果,本文基于西北冰洋门捷列夫海岭ARC07-E25岩芯沉积物稀土元素与微量元素含量、颜色反射率参数、粗颗粒组分和无机碳含量的变化特征,对该类沉积层中稀土元素的组成特征、形成机制和物质来源进行了综合分析。结果显示,沉积物稀土元素总含量(∑REE)在122.37×10^-6～231.94×10^-6之间变化,北美页岩标准化配分模式显示出轻微的中稀土(MREE)富集以及由La、Ce、Nd主导的较强的轻稀土(LREE)优势。沉积物中∑REE随着粗组分颗粒(如冰筏碎屑)的增多而呈现降低趋势,表明门捷列夫海脊沉积物中的稀土元素主要富集在细粒沉积物中。根据∑REE在沉积物中的变化特征将E25岩芯沉积物划分为4种地层,反映出了冰期/间冰期的气候转变过程中温暖条件下形成的棕色层与寒冷条件下形成的浅灰绿色沉积层(灰色层)的岩性旋回中稀土元素组成的差异,由于两种沉积层在形成时受到不同的底层水氧化还原环境的控制,导致了铈(Ce)元素在氧化水体中会由Ce³⁺氧化为...     

西北冰洋中更新世以来黏土矿物变化特征及其反映的洋流和冰盖演化

本文通过对中国第七次北极考察在西北冰洋阿尔法脊南部钻取的ARC7-LIC岩芯沉积物的XRF Ca/Al比值、冰筏碎屑和黏土矿物等研究,重建了中更新世以来研究区沉积物源和周边冰盖的演化历史。ARC7-LIC岩芯黏土矿物组合类型变化显示:深海氧同位素(MIS)29～13期黏土矿物组合主要以西伯利亚物源区为主,而MIS 12期以来以北美物源为主。黏土矿物组合的变化,反映中布容期前后洋流模式的改变。同时,MIS 12期高含量的蒙脱石可能来自北美物源。物源指标对比显示,劳伦冰盖在MIS 16期首次向西北冰洋大规模排泄冰山,并且从MIS 12期开始,西北冰洋周围冰盖的进退幅度增大。在MIS 6期、4期和3期,Ca/Al和高岭石含量的不协同变化指示北美冰盖的发育具有区域差异性,位于阿拉斯加北部和麦肯齐河流域的冰盖较班克斯岛-维多利亚岛一侧更发育,崩解的冰山能将高岭石带到研究区沉积下来。     

Soil frost effects on streamflow recessions in a subarctic catchment

The Arctic is warming rapidly. Changing seasonal freezing and thawing cycles of the soil are expected to affect river run‐off substantially, but how soil frost influences river run‐off at catchment scales is still largely unknown. We hypothesize that soil frost alters flow paths and therefore affects storage–discharge relations in subarctic catchments. To test this hypothesis, we used an approach that combines meteorological records and recession analysis. We studied streamflow data (1986–2015) of Abiskojokka, a river that drains a mountainous catchment (560 km²) in the north of Sweden (68° latitude). Recessions were separated into frost periods (spring) and no‐frost periods (summer) and then compared. We observed a significant difference between recessions of the two periods: During spring, discharge was linearly related to storage, whereas storage–discharge relationships in summer were less linear. An analysis of explanatory factors showed that after winters with cold soil temperatures and low snowpack, storage–discharge relations approached linearity. On the other hand, relatively warm winter soil conditions resulted in storage–discharge relationships that were less linear. Even in summer, relatively cold antecedent winter soils and low snowpack levels had a propagating effect on streamflow. This could be an indication that soil frost controls recharge of deep groundwater flow paths, which affects storage–discharge relationships in summer. We interpret these findings as evidence for soil frost to have an important control over river run‐off dynamics. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing significant catchment‐integrated effects of soil frost on this spatiotemporal scale.     

Electromagnetic characterization of polar ice-wedge polygons: Implications for periglacial studies on Mars and Earth

Polygonal terrain is found in a variety of polar environments on Earth and Mars. As a result, many areas of northern Canada may represent ideal terrestrial analogues for specific regions of Mars - in particular the northern plains. In the Canadian Arctic, polygon troughs are commonly underlain by wedges of massive ice, with rare examples of other wedge types. If the same is true for Mars, this raises interesting implications for the processes that concentrate H₂O at the Martian poles. This study uses an electromagnetic induction sensor to investigate the electromagnetic characteristics of terrestrial polar ice-wedge polygons. Surveys were conducted in two regions of the Canadian Arctic using a DUALEM-1S dual-geometry electromagnetic induction sensor, which measures electrical conductivity in the first 1.5-2 m of the subsurface. At locations where strong geomorphological evidence of ice was found, polygon troughs corresponded to local conductive anomalies. Trenching confirmed the presence of ice wedges at one site and allowed ground-truthing and calibration of the geophysical data. Previously unknown bodies of massive ice were also identified through the use of this geophysical technique. This study shows that an electromagnetic induction sounder is a useful instrument for detecting and mapping out the presence of subsurface ice in the Canadian Arctic. Taking together with its small size, portability and ruggedness, we suggest that this would also be a useful instrument for any future missions to Mars’ polar regions.     

全球气候变暖中南北半球海冰变化的差异

应用海冰面积资料,分析在全球气候变暖下,南北半球海冰季节和年际变化的差异,结果表明:冬季南半球海冰面积为北半球的1.13倍,而夏季仅为北半球的2/5,南半球海冰的季节变化比北半球更为显著,其季节振幅为北半球的1.6倍.1979--2006年,北半球海冰总面积呈显著减少趋势,夏秋季最快,特别在1990年代中后期以来,减少尤为迅速;夏秋季,整个区域海冰为均一的减少趋势,北冰洋靠近北太平洋的近海变化最为迅速,冬春季,主要发生在北太平洋海域.南半球海冰自1980年代初以来有所增多,四季整个区域海冰并未呈均一的减少趋势,而是有一显著减少中心,位于南极半岛附近,两个增多中心,分别位于罗斯海外围和西南印度洋一带.随夏一秋一冬一春的季节转换,3个中心区域位置存在东移和返回的过程.     

Global greenhouse to icehouse and back again: The origin and future of the Boreal Forest biome

The Boreal Forest biome (Taiga), dominated by evergreen and deciduous coniferous trees (Pinaceae), is circumpolar in its present distribution, covering a significant part of the total land area of the Northern Hemisphere and representing perhaps a third of the total forest area of the planet. Nothing comparable to this extant biome existed during the global “greenhouse” interval of the Late Mesozoic and Paleogene. Latitudinal temperature gradients should have confined boreal taxa to extremely high latitudes, but evergreen taxa do not appear to have been competitive in the lowlands of the high arctic, where the vegetation consisted of a unique circumpolar forest dominated by deciduous conifers and broad-leaved taxa.Probable sources for the pinaceous taxa that now characterize boreal latitudes were the Paleogene evergreen montane coniferous forests of the western North American Cordillera. Taphonomic factors limit the fossil record for such forests, but assemblages such as the Eocene Thunder Mountain (Idaho) and Bull Run (Nevada) floras were dominated by evergreen and deciduous Pinaceae that dominate extant montane, subalpine, and Boreal Forest associations. In response to post-Eocene global cooling, such forests presumably would have migrated to lower elevations, eventually spreading across high-latitude North America, subsequently reaching Eurasia via the Beringian corridor. This high-diversity coniferous forest was differentially winnowed and modified during subsequent migration southward in both the New and Old World. Despite its extensive geographic distribution, the Boreal Forest may be the youngest of the major forest biomes.If global warming ultimately results in a significant redistribution of terrestrial vegetation, the history of the Boreal Forest may well be reversed. Northward migration of the Boreal Forest may be characterized by loss of taxa and extensive community reorganization as individual taxa are pushed to their limits with respect to rates of migration and biotic stress takes its toll in the form of insect predation and disease. If evergreen taxa are unable to survive at low elevations at high polar latitudes, such conifers might once again become restricted to montane refugia and the lowlands of the high arctic would be populated by a larch-dominated deciduous conifer forest of low diversity and limited geographic extent. Given the biogeographic significance of the Boreal Forest biome, such a consequence would represent a profound ecological transformation.     

中国北极黄河站首次科学考察队冰川考察

2004年7～8月中国首次北极黄河站科学考察队在Svalbard群岛新奥尔松(Ny-Alesund)地区开展了多学科联合考察, 冰川课题组对附近冰川的基本特征、过去的研究状况和目前正在进行的研究工作等进行了考察和调研, 为中国今后在该地区的冰川学研究工作提出了初步建议.     

北极海洋放线菌R-527F的抗菌活性筛选、鉴定及其抗菌物质发酵条件研究

对分离自北冰洋73°N以北海域沉积物中的一株放线菌R-527F进行分子鉴定及生物活性研究.通过对菌株的形态特征、培养性状、生理生化特征以及16S rDNA序列进行综合分析,确定该株菌为链霉菌属,暂定名为Streptomyces sp.R-527F.其含有聚酮类Ⅰ型(PKS Ⅰ)和非核糖体含硫多肽类(nonribosomal peptide synthetase,NRPS)化合物的合成基因.对其抗菌活性及活性物质发酵条件进行了研究,实验结果表明,该菌株所产生的抗菌物质对枯草芽孢杆菌具有显著抑制效果,抑菌圈直径达到18.2 mm.适合其抗菌物质的发酵条件:种子液接种量为4％,培养基初始pH为8.0,培养温度为28℃,培养时间为6d,摇床转速为180 r·min-1,装液量为40％,为该菌株抗菌物质的进一步研究奠定发酵条件参数基础.     

基于GPS的北极冰川表面地形测量与制图

自2005年以来,我国科考队员利用双频GPS在北极黄河站附近的Austre Lovénbreen 和 Pedersenbreen两条冰川上每年一次开展高精度的冰川运动观测,获取了冰川表面监测标杆的精确位置和运动速度。2009年4月,我国考察队员在这两条冰川上开展了密集的GPS点位数据采集,藉此开展北极两条冰川的冰面地形测量。在分析单频GPS动态单点定位数据用于冰面地形测量的可行性基础上,经过平差计算获得了两条冰川的冰面地形数据,进而生成冰面DEM和等高线,制作冰面地形图。经与高精度控制点比较,冰面DEM高程的误差为0.78m,在冰川季节性高程波动和年消融的变化范围之内。由于SMART-V1型GPS设备是当前冰川研究工作中应用较多的pulseEKKO型探地雷达配套的一个重要部件,本文的结论对于同类仪器开展冰川测量工作具有参考价值,对基于高密度的GPS动态单点定位测量方法用于冰面地形测量的数据处理具有指导意义。