地壳磁化强度模型和居里等温面

利用卫星观测的长波磁异常，用等效偶极源方法推导了中国地区的视磁化强度分布．因卫星的高度远大于磁性地壳的厚度，将视磁化强度转换成磁化强度的垂直积分，它代表地壳内磁性物质的区域变化，利用视磁化强度与地表热流相应关系，计算了中国的新疆和东部一些地区居里等温面的深度．新疆地区的居里面深度为35-50km，其分布形态与塔里木盆地和准噶尔盆地的地貌比较相似；中国东部一些地区居里面深度在20-40km之间，与一些作者用航磁等数据得到的居里深度十分接近．     

Another Source of Atmospheric Methane

The atmospheric concentration of methane is steadily increasin.Lacking of precise estimates of source and sink strengths for the atmospheric methane severely limits the current understanding of the global methane cycle.Agood budget of atmospheric methane can enhance our understanding of the global carbon cycle and global climate change,The known estimates of the main source and sink strengths are gresented in this paper,In terms of carbon isotopic studies,it is evidenced that the earth‘s primodial methane,which was trapped in the earth during its formation,may be another source of methane,with extensive,earth‘s degassing which is calleld the “breathing“ process of the earth and played an important role in the formation of the promitive atmosphere,large amounts of methane were carried from the deep interior to the surface and then found its way into the atmosphere.     

陕西中南部的视应力场研究

利用西安数字地震台网的宽频带数字地震记录，计算了陕西中、南部地震的视应力水平，并讨论了泾阳5．2级地震前后地震视应力的时间变化特征及视应力与震级的关系。     

贵州百花湖分层晚期有机质降解过程与溶解N2O循环

百花湖是一个具有季节性分层的富营养小型湖泊,在秋季湖水倒转期经常发生水质恶化事件,碳氮循环出现异常。文章研究特选择在秋初,湖泊分层开始消失时,测定了湖水中不同深度的N₂O,CH₄,CO₂,有机和无机碳同位素以及其他化学参数变化。结果发现:采样时百花湖在约6m和16m深度附近出现了两个温度不连续层(SDL和PDL),并影响到有机颗粒的沉降和分解。相对而言,有较多的有机质在这两个层内发生降解,但降解的途径有所不同,上部主要是有氧降解,下部则主要是无氧降解过程。N₂O的产生和消耗与有机质的降解过程完全对应:PDL层以上,ΔN₂O与AOU的线性关系反映了N₂O主要形成于硝化作用;PDL层以下反硝化作用导致N₂O严重不饱和;PDL内位于硝化作用和反硝化作用过渡带的N₂O峰,显然是硝化与反硝化联合作用的结果。PDL层内较大的CH₄浓度变化梯度,说明嗜甲烷细菌可能通过氧化NH+4贡献了部分N₂O。百花湖秋、冬季表层湖水N₂O都是过饱和的,都是大气N₂O的源,依据分子扩散模型计算湖泊N₂O的释放通量在12～14μmol/m·day之间,秋、冬季没有明显的差别。秋季底层湖水的反硝化作用是湖泊N₂O的汇,其消耗通量与表层的释放通量基本相当。     

Mesoscale Diagnosis of a Torrential Rainfall Caused by a Tropical Depression

On August 5, 2001, Shanghai was struck by a torrential rainfall due to the passage of a tropical depression (TD). The rainfall intensity has been the strongest in recent 50 years. In this paper, a set of mesoscale re-analyses data and the planetary boundary layer observation from a wind profiler are used to understand the possible mechanism of such a heavy rain. Results show that the outburst of a southerly jet in the lower atmosphere triggered the explosive development of cyclonically vertical vorticity in the region with steep potential temperature surfaces in front of the TD; while the cyclonic vorticity increased notably at higher levels due to the small atmospheric vertical stability of westerly currents in the vicinity of Shanghai. The simultaneous sharp development of cyclonic vorticity at different levels should be the main cause for the torrential rainfall.     

青藏高原腹地植物碳同位素组成对环境条件的响应

现代植物碳同位素组成是特定环境影响的结果,通过对植物碳同位素组成的研究可以揭示植物生长期环境信息。针对青藏高原腹地高寒草甸~高寒草原过渡区植被碳同位素组成进行研究;该区高山嵩草样δ13C值在-25.63‰~-27.95‰间,平均值-26.63‰;高寒草原区混合样δ13C值于-26.29‰~-27.73‰间,平均值-27.04‰。高山嵩草样δ13C值总体呈现由南东往北西方向正偏趋势,研究区北部高寒草原区混合植物样也呈现出由南向北富重碳同位素趋势。这些变化规律被认为是主要受降水环境影响的结果,而区域内降水条件的展布规律则是受高原夏季风运移方式的控制。对植物δ13C值与地理位置的回归分析表明,该区植被碳同位素组成与地理位置相关,高山嵩草样(r=0.44603,n=29,p<0.05)和混合样(r=0.8112,n=5,p<0.1)均表现出对区域降水环境条件的良好响应。据此,以该区植物δ13C值为背景,进行合理推算,拟定了研究区内干旱区和湿润区界限的位置。     

Steady‐state analytical solutions of flow and deformation coupling due to a point sink within a finite fluid‐saturated poroelastic layer

An exact steady‐state closed‐form solution is presented for coupled flow and deformation of an axisymmetric isotropic homogeneous fluid‐saturated poroelastic layer with a finite radius due to a point sink. The hydromechanical behavior of the poroelastic layer is governed by Biot's consolidation theory. Boundary conditions on the lateral surface are specifically chosen to match the appropriate finite Hankel transforms and simplify the transforms of the governing equations. Ordinary differential equations in the transformed domain are solved, and then the analytical solutions in the physical space for the pore pressure and the displacements are finally obtained by using finite Hankel inversions. The analytical solutions at some special locations such as the top and bottom surfaces, lateral surface, and the symmetrical axis are given and analyzed. And a case study for the consolidation of a water‐saturated soft clay layer due to pumping is conducted. The analytical solution is verified against the finite element solution. Meanwhile, an analysis of coupled hydromechanical behavior is carried out herein. The presented analytical solution is an exact solution to the practical poroelastic problem within an axisymmetric finite layer. It can provide us a better understanding of the poroelastic behavior of the finite layer due to fluid extraction. Besides, it can be applied to calibrate numerical schemes of axisymmetric poroelasticity within finite domains. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

张掖黑河湿地发展碳汇的优势与对策

根据国内碳汇发展现状,分析了张掖黑河湿地发展碳汇的优势与劣势,提出了发展湿地碳汇的对策。     

Using climate to relate water discharge and area in modern and ancient catchments

Models relating sediment supply to catchment properties are important in order to use the geological record to deduce landscape evolution and interplay between tectonics and climate. Water discharge (Q _w) is an important factor in the widely used ‘BQART ’ model, which relates sediment load to a set of measurable catchment parameters. Although many of the factors in this equation may be independently estimated with some degree of certainty in ancient systems, water discharge (Q _w) certainly cannot. An analysis of a world database of modern catchments with 1255 entries shows that the commonly applied equation relating catchment area (A ) to water discharge (Q _w = 0·075A^0·8) does not predict water discharge from catchment area well in many cases (R ² = 0·5 and an error spanning about three orders of magnitude). This is because the method does not incorporate the effect of arid and wet climate on river water discharge. The inclusion of climate data into such estimations is an opportunity to refine these estimates, because generalized estimates of palaeoclimate can often be deduced on the basis of sedimentological data such as palaeosol types, mineralogy and palaeohydraulics. This paper investigates how the relationship between catchment area and river discharge varies with four runoff categories (arid, semi‐arid, humid and wet), which are recognizable in the geological record, and modifies the coefficient and exponent of the above‐mentioned equation according to these classes. This modified model yields improved results in relating discharge to catchment area (R ² = 0·95 and error spanning one order of magnitude) when core, outcrop or regional palaeoclimate reconstruction data are available in non‐arid systems. Arid systems have an inherently variable water discharge, and catchment area is less important as a control due to downstream losses. The model here is sufficient for many geological applications and makes it possible to include variations in catchment humidity in mass‐flux estimates in ancient settings.     

岩溶泉补给地表溪流二氧化碳脱气作用研究

碳酸盐岩风化作用(即岩溶作用)能够吸收大气二氧化碳(CO_2),形成溶解无机碳(DIC,dissolved inorganic carbon),被认为是一种重要的陆地碳汇,其在全球碳收支平衡和未来陆地增汇中可能会有重要贡献。然而,目前对岩溶碳汇的稳定性还存在争议,一些学者认为岩溶地下水出露地表后会发生CO_2脱气,对岩溶碳汇通量估算带来不确定性。本文以广西桂林长流水表层岩溶泉补给的溪流(约2.7km长)为例,利用水化学和同位素质谱仪测试技术,研究了溪水水化学指标和溶解无机碳同位素(δ~(13)C_(DIC))沿流程变化,探讨了溪流CO_2脱气过程、通量及其影响因素,以更好地了解岩溶碳汇的稳定性。结果表明:从泉口向下游,在陡坡地段(C1～C14段,长约270m,坡度约10°),溪水pH值、方解石饱和指数和δ~(13)C_(DIC)沿流程分别升高了0.9、0.9和1.8‰,而CO_2分压、电导率、Ca~(2+)浓度和DIC浓度分别下降了85%、34μS/cm、0.2mmol/L和0.7mmol/L,说明溪水发生了显著的CO_2脱气,并伴随碳酸钙沉淀。而在平缓地段(C18～C26段,长约2.1km,坡度1°),溪水各水化学指标和δ~(13)C_(DIC)变化较小,指示CO_2脱气作用较弱。这些发现表明溪流CO_2脱气受到了地形决定的水动力条件控制。另外,在下游渠段,受支流汇入影响,溪水pH值和方解石饱和指数有所降低,在一定程度上抑制了CO_2脱气。溪流CO_2脱气能够抵消部分岩溶作用固定的大气CO_2量,但是在长流水这一高地势、低流量且有碳酸钙沉积的环境下,其抵消的量也仅占29%。对于在低缓地区受流量很大的岩溶泉/地下河补给的河流,其CO_2脱气作用对岩溶碳汇的影响有限,加之受可能增强的水生光合生物固碳效应影响,岩溶碳汇应具有很高的稳定性。