大连地区冷暖冬年冬季大气环流特征分析

利用合成分析方法,对大连地区1960--2000年冷暖冬年冬季的环流形势进行了对比分析。结果表明：在冷暖冬年冬季,海平面气压距平场、500hPa高度距平场、300hPa纬向风距平场都存在着显著的差异,其中蒙古高压、极涡的位置、面积、强度及东亚西风环流指数、极锋急流差异都显著,说明极锋急流、极涡、乌山脊、东亚大槽及蒙古高压等都是影响大连冬季气温异常的关键系统。     

近50年华北区域性气象干旱事件的特征分析

本文利用区域性极端事件客观识别法(OITREE),进行了1961—2010年华北地区区域性气象干旱事件的识别,确定了该方法中相应的参数组并识别得到100次事件,并对排名前15位的事件与文献记载情况逐一进行对比检验。结果表明OITREE方法对华北地区区域性气象干旱具有良好的识别能力。100次华北地区区域性气象干旱事件分为10次极端事件、20次重度事件、40次中等事件和30次轻度事件,其中1998年9月至1999年5月秋冬春连旱是华北地区强度最强的干旱事件。事件的持续时间一般在17~120 d、最大影响面积集中在(70~105)×10~4km~2之间,干旱事件具有较明显的季节特征,3—7和10—11月是事件的两个高发时段;华北南部为干旱多发区,其中河北、河南和山东三省交界为强度中心区域。重度(含)及以上的干旱事件可分为全境型、东部型、南部型、西部型、中部型和零散型6种分布类型,其中全境型出现机率最高。近50年华北地区区域性干旱事件频次、累积综合强度总体呈上升趋势,其主要原因可能是降水量减少所致,同时气温显著升高也起到了明显的推动作用。     

江淮梅雨的多尺度特征及其与厄尔尼诺和大气环流的联系

利用小波变换，分析了江淮流域夏季降水的多尺度特征和存在的周期，通过对Nino3区海温、西太平洋副高以及亚洲纬向环流指数的小波变换，分析了它们与江淮流域夏季降水的多尺度联系。结果表明，整个江淮流域的降水具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征，年际变化主要表现为3～4a、5～6a和7～8a的周期，年代际变化则表现为12～13a、l6～17a和27a的周期。南片和北片以及长江中游和下游之间所具有的特征是不尽相同的。相对于亚洲纬向环流指数而言，Nino3区海温对江淮流域降水的影响较为重要。Nino3区的海温与江淮流域降水的联系，在一些时段是同位相的，而在另一些时段是反位相的。     

Indices of El Nino and El Nino Modoki： An Improved El Nino Modoki Index

In recent years, El Nino Modoki (pseudo-El Nino) has been distinguished as a unique large-scale ocean warming phenomenon happening in the central tropical Pacific that is quite different from the traditional El Nino. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis is used to successfully separate El Nino and El Nino Modoki. The abilities of the NINO3 index, NINO3.4 index, NINO1+2 index and NINO4 index in characterizing the El Nino are explored in detail. It is suggested that the NINO3 index is comparatively optimal to monitor the El Nino among the four NINO indices, since other NINO indices either cannot well distinguish El Nino and El Nino Modoki signals or are easily disturbed by El Nino Modoki signals. Further, an improved El Nino Modoki index (IEMI) is introduced to better represent the El Nino Modoki that is captured by the second leading EOF mode of monthly tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA). The IEMI is an improvement of the El Nino Modoki index (EMI) through adjusting the inappropriate weight coefficients of the three boxes of EMI, and it effectively overcomes the lack of EMI in monitoring the two historical El Nino Modoki events and also avoids the possible risk of EMI in excluding the interference of El Nino signal, indicating the realistic and potential advantages.     

Meridional Wind Stress Anomalies over the Tropical Pacific and the Onset of El Ni?o Part Ⅱ: Dynamical Analysis

The data analyses in the first part of this study have shown that the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in the eastern equatorial Pacific are significantly correlated with the preceding anomalous convergence of the meridional wind stress near the equator. In order to understand the dynamical role of the convergent meridional wind stress anomalies in the El Nino occurring, an ideal wind stress which converges about the equator is set up based on the observations revealed in the first part. A simple dynamical model of tropical ocean is used to study the response of the tropical ocean to the convergent meridional wind stress. The results show that the convergent wind stress in the eastern equatorial Pacific is favorable for the occurrence of El Nino. When the convergent wind stress exerts on the tropical ocean, the westward propagating Rossby wave is excited, which, on the one hand, makes the mixed layer near the equator become thicker. On the other hand, the westward oceanic currents associated with the Rossby wave appear in the vicinity of the equator. The oceanic currents can drive the upper layer sea water to transfer to the west, which is favorable for the sea water to pile up in the western equatorial Pacific and to accumulate energy for the upcoming warm event.     

Interannual and Decadal Variability of Landfalling Tropical Cyclones in the Southeast Coastal States of the United States

The interannual variability of the Atlantic tropical cyclone(TC)frequency is well known.Separately,recent studies have also suggested that a much longer,multidecadal(40-60 year)trend might be emerging from the recent increase in Atlantic TC activity.However,the overall structure of the intrinsic frequencies(or temporal modes)of Atlantic TC activity is not yet known.The focus of this study is to systematically analyze the intrinsic frequencies of Atlantic TC activity using hurricane and tropical storm landfall data collected along the southeast coast(SEC)of the United States.Based on an Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) analysis of the frequency of landfall TCs along the SEC from 188701999,we have found that Atlantic TC activity has four primary,temporal modes.The interannual and multidecadal modes reported in the published literature are two such modes.After identifying all primary modes,the relative importance of each mode and its physical cause can be analyzed.For example,the most energetic mode is the interannual mode(2-7 year period).This mode is known to be associated with the 2-7 year El Nino/La Nino cycle.The average number of annual landfalling TCs along the SEC decreased by 24% during El Nino years,but did not show significant increase during weak and moderate La Nina years.However,intense La Nina years were generally associated with more than average landfalling TCs along the SEC.The effects of El Nino and La Nina also became more significant when only hurricanes were considered.The significance of the effects of El Nino and La Nina on landfalling TCs and hurricanes in different US southeast coastal states showed significant differences.     

结合异年倍九律鉴别前震类型

鉴别前震的方法甚多。该文主要运用异年倍九法（或称异年倍九律）帮助鉴别前震。鉴别的方式是在欲鉴别的小震或小震群发生地区寻找组成异年倍九律的地震,其某个第九天日期若与该小震或小震群发生日期相重或相近,则认为这个小震或小震群可能是前震。文中列举了2010年玉树大震前的小震和2008年汶川大震前都江堰小震群的实例,皆被鉴别为可能是前震。     

Quantitative estimation and spatial reconstruction of urban and rural construction land in Jiangsu Province, 1820–1985

Land cover is the most evident landscape signal to characterize the influence of human activities on terrestrial ecosystems. Since the industrial revolution, the expansion of construction land has profoundly changed the status of land use coverage and changes. This study is proposed to reconstruct the spatial pattern of construction land (urban construction land and rural settlement land) for five historical periods over the past 200 years in Jiangsu Province with 200 m × 200 m grids on the basis of quantitative estimation. Urban construction land is estimated based on data about city walls, four gates along walls, and other socio-economic factors. Rural settlement land is calculated based on the rural population and per capita housing allowance. The spatial pattern of historical construction land is simulated based on the distribution of modern construction land in 1985 with a quantitative-boundarysuitability control method and thorough consideration over connectivity of different land use types. The study concludes that: (1) the amount of construction land in Jiangsu Province is estimated at 963.46 km² in 1820, 1043.46 km² in 1911, 1672.40 km² in 1936, 1980.34 km² in 1952 and 10,687.20 km² in 1985; and (2) the spatial distribution of construction land features the great proclivity to water bodies and main roads and the strong polarization of existent residence. The results are verified directly and indirectly by applying the trend verification of construction land changes and patterns, the correlation analysis between rural settlement land and local arable land, and quantitative accuracy test of the reconstructed construction land to actual historical survey maps covering four sample regions in 1936.     

开垦对荒漠土壤微生物群落结构特征的影响

以古尔班通古特沙漠南缘典型流域（玛纳斯河、吉木萨尔河、三工河、四工河、水磨河）的绿洲农田与毗邻荒漠土壤为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）方法分析不同开垦年限的土壤微生物生物量、群落结构、多样性变化特征。结果表明：荒漠开垦后,土壤微生物总PLFA含量、真菌PLFA、细菌PLFA、革兰氏阳性菌（G⁺）和革兰氏阴性菌（G^-）PLFA含量均显著增加。荒漠开垦5 a内,细菌PLFA与G^-PLFA增长更强烈,使得真菌PLFA/细菌PLFA比值降低了48%,G⁺PLFA/G^-PLFA比值（革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌的PLFA比值）降低了67%。但随着开垦年限的延长,这两个比值没有显著变化,表明与开垦年限相比,荒漠的开垦行为对土壤微生物群落结构有着更加强烈的影响。随着开垦年限的增加,土壤微生物群落多样性总体呈上升趋势。虽然荒漠在开垦50 a后多样性指数略有下降,但仍远高于荒漠土壤。土壤微生物总PLFA含量和大部分菌群PLFA含量与土壤电导率显著负相关,与全氮和有机碳显著正相关。荒漠在开垦过程中灌溉增加了土壤水分且降低了土壤盐分,全氮和有机碳含量增加,这些改变是土壤微生物群落变化的主要原因。荒漠开垦有助于提高土壤微生物PLFA含量、改善土壤微生物的群落结构、丰富土壤微生物群落多样性,有利于土壤质量的提高。     

The Influence of Tibetan Plateau on the Interannual Variability of Asian Monsoon

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