集合卡尔曼滤波在流域水文模型流量预报中的应用

针对流域降雨入渗过程,引入集合卡尔曼滤波(EnKF)理论,视整个边坡流域为一个随机动态系统,将边坡流域流量观测值作为系统的输出,用集合卡尔曼滤波模型来描述系统的状态;结合流域流量计算方法,实现水文模型参数的随机动态估计,在有效获得待估参数的同时还给出估计值的不确定性.通过数值算例表明,集合卡尔曼滤波可以有效地对含噪声的量测数据进行处理,能够跟踪水文模型的动态变化.相对于常用最优化算法,集合卡尔曼滤波同时给出反演结果和先验知识的后验分布,显示出更好的实时性和可靠性.     

Hydrological response characteristics of Mediterranean catchments at different time scales: a meta-analysis

ABSTRACT

This work examines 140 hydrological studies conducted in the Mediterranean region. It identifies key characteristics of the hydrological responses of Mediterranean catchments at various time scales and compares different methods and modelling approaches used for individual-catchment studies. The study area is divided into the northwestern (NWM), eastern (EM) and southern (SM) Mediterranean. The analysis indicates regional discrepancies in which the NWM shows the most extreme rainfall regime. A tendency for reduced water resources driven by both anthropogenic and climatic pressures and a more extreme rainfall regime are also noticeable. Catchments show very heterogeneous responses over time and space, resulting in limitations in hydrological modelling and large uncertainties in predictions. However, few models have been developed to address these issues. Additional studies are necessary to improve the knowledge of Mediterranean hydrological features and to account for regional specificities.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis Associate editor A. Efstratiadis     

河北省廊坊市城市积涝动态预报预警系统研制

结合廊坊城区地形地貌、市政工程、排水设施现状等,应用二维非恒定流基本方程和一维明渠非恒定流方程算法,构建城市积涝模型,结合区域自动站雨量实时监测数据、数值预报和预报员主观精细化降水预报,建立廊坊城市积涝动态预报预警系统,可实时估算、预报城市积水深度、积水时间等,预报并进行了业务试运行。系统以2012年7月21日廊坊市特大暴雨引起的城市积涝过程为例对系统进行了验证,结果表明：预报积水深度与实际积水情况比较接近,预报结果对城市防洪减灾有指导意义。     

强震前地震多重分形谱的异常及其物理解释：以乌什研究区为例

应用有关软件分析新疆乌针研究区地震活动时间分布的多重分形谱Ｄｑ－ｑ和ｆ（ａ）－ａ。发现两次６级强震发生前，多重分形谱发生显著变化。主要特征是对一定的ｑ区间奇异性强度因子ａ取值变宽，Ｄｑ－ｑ曲线变陡，ｆ（ａ）－ａ的左端点或右端点下降。     

国家气象中心集合数值预报业务系统的发展及应用

利用ECMWF集合预报对2016年6月11—12日发生在长三角地区的一次暴雨过程进行了分析,并对集合“好” “坏”两类成员的预报结果进行了对比。分析表明：集合预报对本次暴雨过程具有比较好的预报能力,集合平均预报效果要优于确定性预报,其雨量预报的增大趋势对暴雨的预报具有一定的指示意义;高分位数集合成员对于暴雨预报有比较好的参考价值,尤其是在预报时效还较长的时候,如果连续多起报时次高分位数集合成员都预报出暴雨,以及低分位数集合成员的雨量预报呈现逐渐增大趋势,预示着暴雨的可能性在增大,有助于暴雨预报的决策;对天气系统和气象要素的预报差异是造成“好”“坏”两类集合成员对本次暴雨过程模拟效果差异的主要原因,对500 hPa高空槽、850 hPa低涡及其切变线、西南气流和偏东气流的模拟是决定“好”“坏”两类集合成员模拟效果的关键因素。

     

降雨条件下堆积层滑坡体滑动机制分析

以某物流园区堆积层滑坡体为例,分析了地质结构特征及滑坡类型。在此基础上,运用非饱和土力学方法,分析了滑坡体在降雨条件下的动态稳定性特征,揭示了滑动机制及原因,认为滑坡体位于坡面凹槽处,地形较陡、表面堆积层结构松散、强度差,为滑坡形成提供了便利条件;随着降雨持时的增长,降雨沿堆积体表面的裂缝入渗,在土-岩接触面上汇流贯通,形成滞水,降低了滑面土体的力学性质,产生动态浮托力,同时雨水不断充填裂缝和软弱结构面,产生顺坡向的动态扩张力,使张裂缝扩大,加剧堆积体的变形,促使其发生滑动。     

A Comparison of De-noising Methods for Differential Phase Shift and Associated Rainfall Estimation

Measured differential phase shift ΦDP is known to be a noisy unstable polarimetric radar variable, such that the quality of ΦDP data has direct impact on specific differential phase shift KDP estimation, and subsequently, the KDP-based rainfall estimation. Over the past decades, many ΦDP de-noising methods have been developed; however, the de-noising effects in these methods and their impact on KDP-based rainfall estimation lack comprehensive comparative analysis. In this study, simulated noisy ΦDP data were generated and de-noised by using several methods such as finite-impulse response(FIR), Kalman, wavelet,traditional mean, and median filters. The biases were compared between KDP from simulated and observedΦDP radial profiles after de-noising by these methods. The results suggest that the complicated FIR, Kalman,and wavelet methods have a better de-noising effect than the traditional methods. After ΦDP was de-noised,the accuracy of the KDP-based rainfall estimation increased significantly based on the analysis of three actual rainfall events. The improvement in estimation was more obvious when KDP was estimated with ΦDP de-noised by Kalman, FIR, and wavelet methods when the average rainfall was heavier than 5 mm h-1.However, the improved estimation was not significant when the precipitation intensity further increased to a rainfall rate beyond 10 mm h-1. The performance of wavelet analysis was found to be the most stable of these filters.     

影响辽东半岛两个台风Meari和Muifa暴雨环流特征的对比分析

Meari(1105)和Muifa(1109)是两个路径相似并在辽东半岛产生强降水的热带气旋。但Meari强降水持续时间长,而Muifa时间短。利用中国气象局热带气旋年鉴、FY_2D(0.1°×0.1°)云顶亮温资料、大连地区逐时自动气象站降雨量资料、常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对两个台风影响辽东半岛的降水过程进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)Meari影响辽东半岛时强度较弱,但与低空东南急流相连获得丰富水汽供应,衰减缓慢;Muifa影响时强度较强但与低空急流水汽通道快速断开而衰减迅速。(2)两个台风均进入西风槽区而变性,但两者影响辽东半岛时处于不同的变性阶段。Meari为半冷半暖结构,其北侧中尺度对流活动发展旺盛,非对称结构明显;Muifa低层环流已变性为冷中心,云系结构孤立且无发展。(3)两次过程中辽东半岛位于台风不同的对流发展区域是其降水强度差异的原因之一。辽东半岛位于Meari北侧,低层的水平辐合较强,水平风垂直切变较大,深厚的上升运动维持;Muifa影响下辽东半岛位于其西侧,受偏北风下沉气流控制,不稳定度和动力抬升条件减弱。     

2011年长江中下游旱涝急转及汛期暴雨的对流条件研究

利用ERA-Interim及雨量和土壤水分观测资料,对比诊断了2011年5—6月长江中下游梅汛前极旱期急转为梅汛期洪涝的极端天气事件的对流条件(水汽、不稳定、抬升作用)差异及特征,并研究条件性湿位涡垂直通量(CMF)指数与暴雨之间的定量关系。结果表明:在极旱期,干冷的东北气流控制,西太平洋副热带高压偏东,低层水汽通量弱且以偏北风输送为主,中低层为下沉气流,无低空急流,等θse线稀疏,边界层抬升机制缺乏,是干旱加剧的主要因子;在梅汛期,西南气流增强,西太平洋副热带高压西伸,低层气流在长江地区辐合,低层水汽通量增加且转为西南和东南风输送为主,伴随高低空急流耦合和深厚的上升运动,等θse线密集形成梅雨锋,增强不稳定暖湿空气强迫抬升和垂直输送,造成暴雨频发,引起区域性洪涝。暴雨中心600 hPa以下为负湿位涡的不稳定层,对流不稳定与条件性对称不稳定共同作用是强降水发生的不稳定机制。CMF指数与旱涝变化、暴雨过程演变非常一致,在极旱(梅汛)期,CMF指数低(高),变化平缓(剧烈),CMF指数在暴雨开始时逐步剧增,结束时迅速减小。     

IOD对ENSO影响中国夏季降水和气温的干扰作用

使用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料研究了"单纯"ENSO事件、"单纯"IOD事件以及有IOD事件伴随发生的ENSO事件对中国夏季降水和气温的影响.结果表明:"单纯"ENSO事件、"单纯"IOD事件对中国夏季降水和气温均有显著影响,当El Nino年有正IOD事件同时发生时,我国北方地区水汽增加,华北降水偏少现象得到抑制,我国大陆气温有所上升;当La Nina年有负IOD事件同时发生时,北方地区的水汽减少,不利于华北地区的降水,我国大陆气温有所下降.