福建省古田小溪组早白垩世孢粉植物群

福建省古田小溪组下段含丰富的孢粉化石,其组合特征是以裸子植物花粉为主,蕨类植物孢子其次,被子植物花粉极少。主要成分有:Classopollis、Exesipollenites、Cicatricosisporites、Jugella、Tricolpopollenites等。它和中国南方白垩纪孢粉组合序列中的Classopollis-Cicatricosisporites-Tricolpoppllenites带相当。地质时代为早白垩世的巴列姆期。     

新疆塔里木河下游(上段)地区天然草地生态脆弱性研究

塔里木河(以下简称塔河)流域是我国生态脆弱地区之一,其中塔河下游地区为严重脆弱地区。塔河下游地区广大的天然草地主要分布在绿洲-荒漠过渡带,该地带也是一个典型的生态脆弱带。依据有关生态脆弱带评价方法,结合塔河下游天然草地分布的实际状况,建立生态脆弱性评价体系。对垂直于塔河河道不同距离上的草地生态环境进行了分析,得出在距离河道500 m以上的地带草地生态环境表现为中度生态脆弱,<350 m的草地生态环境表现为一般脆弱。评价结果基本符合实际情况,对指导当地合理开发和利用草地资源具有一定的价值。     

Comparison of CO2 Effluxes and Their Driving Factors Between Two Temperate Steppes in Inner Mongolia, China

Soil respiration is a key component of the global terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle. The static opaque chamber method was used to measure the CO2 effluxes from soil of a semiarid Aneurolepidium chinense steppe and a Stipa krylovii steppe in the Xilin River Basin of Inner Mongolia, China from March 2002 to December 2004. The results indicated that the soil respiration rates of the semiarid Aneurolepidium chinense steppe and the Stipa krylovii steppe were both relatively high from mid-May to mid-September of each year and remained low during the rest of the year. The minimum value of soil respiration occurred in December or January and negative effluxes of CO2 appeared for several days during the non-growing season of individual years at the two sampling sites. A high annual variation was found in the two steppes with the coefficients of variance (CV) being over 94%, even high to 131%. The annual sums of soil CO2 efflux of the Aneurolepidium chinense steppe varied between 356.4 gC m?2 yr?1 and 408.8 gC m?2 yr?1, while those of the Stipa krylovii steppe in the three years were in the range of 110.6 gC m?2 yr?1 to 148.6 gC m?2 yr?1. The mean respiration rates of the Aneurolepidium chinense steppe were significantly higher than those of the Stipa krylovii steppe in different statistical periods with the exception of the non-growing season. About 59.9% and 80.6% of the soil respiration variations in both steppes for the whole sampling period were caused by the changes of temperature and soil water content. In the Aneurolepidium chinense steppe, the soil respiration rate has significant or extremely significant positive correlation (r = 0.58 ? 0.85, p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) with air temperature and ground temperature of the topsoil except in 2002; the unique contributions of temperature change to the soil respiration variation of the three years were 53.3%, 81.0% and 58.6%, respectively. But, for the Stipa krylovii steppe in the same time interval, the soil water content (especially that of the 10–20 cm layer) has a greater effect on the change of soil respiration, and the unique contributions of the change of the 10–20 cm soil water content to the variations of soil respiration in 2002 and 2003 were 60.0% and 54.3%, respectively. In 2004, in spite of the higher contribution of temperature than soil water content, the contribution of ground temperature at a depth of 10 cm was only 46.2%, much weaker than that of any single year in the Aneurolepidium chinense steppe.     

荒漠草原区风力发电场建设前后的植被变化

调查了甘肃景泰荒漠草原区一处风电场基础设施建设和运行对植被的影响。结果表明:荒漠草原区百兆瓦级风力发电场建设造成直接植被生产力损失量为6.79 g·m^-2·a^-1,间接植被生产力损失量为91.43 g·m^-2·a^-1。随着扰动程度增加,物种丰富度降低,均匀度减小。在工程运行后,经历近10 a的自然恢复,核心扰动区虽然物种单一,但植被生产力是次级扰动区的两倍以上,为间接扰动区和未扰动区的50%和33%左右;而间接扰动区植被生产力仅为未扰动区的50%。总体上,风电工程扰动对区域植被的影响,不仅在于建设期对局地群落植被生产力的完全丧失,更重要的是在运行期间对周边大面积间接影响区群落植被生产力的大幅度降低,而且这种影响是长期和持续性的。     

半干旱荒漠草原带沙地果园覆草效应

在半干旱荒漠草原带沙地,采用覆盖45t·hm^-2的麦草,且保持覆草厚度 25cm,可以使在减少灌溉3次的情况下,增加果树产量6300 kg·hm^-2,降低果树生产成本3000元·hm^-2。覆草改变了土壤的解冻时间,将果树开花推后7d左右,增加了果树开花躲过晚霜的可能性,增强了果树生产的稳定性。在地处半干旱荒漠草原地带农牧交错地区用麦草覆盖是因地制宜、就地取材管理果园的经济方法,建议大量推广。     

Effects of fertilization on population density and productivity of herbaceous plants in desert steppe

In order to investigate the impacts of fertilization on population density and productivity on herbaceous plants in desert steppe, nitrogen （N）, phosphorus （P）, and N-P addition experiments were performed. Each fertilizer treatment included four addition levels, i.e., 0, 5, 10, and 20 g/m2. The results indicated that population density decreased as fertilization levels increased regardless of the sort of fertilizer. More specifically, total density as well as density ofArtemisia capillaris, Allium polyrhizum, and Enneapogon brachystachyus decreased significantly in 20 g/m2 treated plots, as compared with the control plots. Fertilization effects on aboveground and root biomasses were extremely similar to that found in population density; that is, both total aboveground biomass and aboveground biomasses for A. capillaris, A. polyrhizum, and E. brachystachyus were negatively correlated with increasing fertilization levels, with all determination coefficients （R2） greater than 0.80. Therefore, in the case of desert regions （annual precipitation 〈180 mm）, fertilization would inhibit population density and productivity of herbaceous plants.     

Detecting Holocene movements of the woodland–steppe ecotone in northern China using discriminant analysis

Discriminant functions link vegetation zones and surface pollen along the woodland–steppe ecotone in northern China. These links were utilised to reconstruct palaeovegetation using fossil pollen data from four lake sediment sites within the ecotone. Holocene movements of the vegetation zones were derived from the above results and were interpreted as the results of climatic, topographic and edaphic factors. This study shows that climatic change was the driving factor for ecotonal movement, but that the positions of vegetational zones were nevertheless controlled by topographical and edaphic conditions, and consequently boundaries between different vegetational zones responded individualistically. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

气候变化和人类活动对盐池县植被净初级生产力的影响

为定量区分退耕还林还草背景下北方典型农牧交错带植被变化过程中气候变化和人类活动的相对贡献率,以宁夏盐池县2000—2020年植被变化为研究对象,基于MODIS13Q1-NDVI数据、地表覆盖数据和气象数据,采用Thornthwaite纪念模型和CASA（Carnegie-ames-stanford approach）模型分别估算了逐年的潜在净初级生产力（Potential net primary productivity, PNPP）和实际净初级生产力（Actual net primary productivity, ANPP）。综合运用趋势分析、相关分析和差值比较法分析了2000—2020年盐池县净初级生产力（Net primary productivity, NPP）时空变化特征及其驱动力,并定量确定了气候因子和人类活动对盐池县植被变化的相对贡献率。结果表明：（1） 在2000—2020年盐池县NPP总体呈上升趋势,但存在着显著的空间异质性,主要表现为植被NPP改善区面积远大于NPP退化区面积,且改善或退化程度也存在显著的空间分异。植被改善区主要分布于荒漠、荒漠草原等退耕还林还草工程区域和灌溉区,而植被退化区则分布于荒漠和荒漠草原的边缘地带。（2） 植被变化归因分析表明,在植被改善区,气候变化和人类活动共同主导驱动了植被的改善,但气候变化的相对贡献率（59.77%）大于人类活动的相对贡献率（40.23%）,而在植被退化区,人类活动的相对贡献率（91.77%）则显著高于气候变化的相对贡献率（8.23%）。（3） 驱动力分析表明,研究区植被NPP变化与降水量呈显著正相关,而与气温的相关性较弱;而人类活动是驱动植被退化区NPP下降的主要原因,但负向影响力有所减弱。总体而言,气候变化是植被改善区的主要驱动力,而人类活动是植被退化区的主要驱动因素,两者共同作用则使盐池县整体生态环境得以改善。     

1960—2020年内蒙古荒漠草原连续无降水日变化特征分析

基于内蒙古荒漠草原9个气象站逐日降水和美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)/美国国家大气研究中心(National Center for Atmospheric Research,NCAR)再分析资料,利用统计方法分析了该地区1960—2020年连续无降水事件变化特点及异常年份环流特征。结果表明:(1)连续无降水事件最多出现在夏季,但平均持续日数和最大持续日数在夏季最短,短期连续无降水事件和较长期降水事件相间出现是夏季降水分配格局,而其他季节则相反。(2)研究区年均无降水日数为304.1 d·a^?1,年均连续无降水事件次数为39.6次·a^?1,年均连续无降水事件平均持续日数为8.0 d·a^?1,年均最大持续日数为43.7 d·a^?1。(3)近61 a连续无降水事件3个参数变化不显著,但2005—2020年连续无降水事件次数显著增加而平均持续日数则显著减小。(4)年平均持续日数和最大持续日数均与连续无降水事件次数呈显著负相关关系,而平均持续日数和最大持续日数呈显著的正相关。(5)异常连续无降水事件期间对流层中高层有明显的温度、湿度和高度异常。