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991.
分析表明,北太平洋中纬度地区海水表层铅直热通量收支的分布特征与海流密切有关。暖流区的受热相对较小或失热相对较大,冷流区则反之。海水表层铅直热通量收支的季节变化分别具有一年、半年和四个月三种周期,并分别与太阳辐射、海流以及大气环流等相系。海温变化的滞后时间,基本场为2个月,扰动场为1个月。 相似文献
992.
农田近地面层CO2和湍流通量特征研究 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
利用1985年5月至6月在北京郊区中国科学院农业生态试验研究站的麦田中实测的小麦不同生长期的CO2浓度梯度、光合有效辐射、净辐射、土壤热通量和温度、湿度及风速梯度等量的数据,采用空气动力学方法,计算了CO2通量、感热通量、潜热通量和动量通量。并对观测场地、仪器设备、校准方法及误差分析进行了描述。结果表明:从5月14日到6月15日,在1m,2m和10m处,CO2浓度振幅的日变化分别为103.4到27.5,87.5到27.3和69.8到11.5ppm;光合型和呼吸型的平均CO2浓度分别为345.3,350.6,357.5ppm和373.9,369.7,362.1ppm。在白天,CO2通量和梯度的输送方向是从大气向植被,在中午(11时到13时)输送达到负的最大值。在夜间,CO2通量和梯度输送的方向与白天相反,并且,在早晨(4时到6时)达到正的最大值。CO2通量与净辐射(Rn)、可利用能(H+LE)、光合有效辐射和动量通量之间有较好的相关关系 相似文献
993.
1991年江淮暴雨期地气通量与混合层结构的研究 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
本文用1991年5—7月江淮及其北部地区的地面与高空资料根据3种不同的整体公式对地表通量(动量、感热和潜热通量)进行了估算,并对混合层结构进行了研究,揭示出这次持续性特大暴雨中陆面过程的一些特征,主要结果如下:1.地表通量依赖于大气稳定度,稳定度越强,地表通量越小。不稳定状况下平均地表动量通量为0.0154N/m2,向上的感热和潜热平均值分别为25.7W/m2和132.3W/m2;稳定状况下,地表动量通量为0.006N/m2,感热和潜热通量平均是向下输送的,分别为-1.5W/m2和2.5W/m2。2.地表通量与降水过程密切有关。雨期的动量通量略小于非雨期,而雨期的感热与潜热通量明显小于非雨期,雨量越大,这两种通量愈小。3.地表通量具有明显日变化。动量、感热和潜热通量的最大值出现在下午2时左右,最小值出现在凌晨2时左右。4.混合层与雨期关系密切,雨期的混合层高度较非雨期低,这时地表感热和潜热通量小;而非雨期情况相反 相似文献
994.
F. D. EATON J. R. HINES W. H. HATCH R. M. CIONCO J. BYERS D. GARVEY DAVID R. MILLER 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1997,83(2):331-346
Boundary-layer meteorologicalmeasurements were made before, during, and after theMay 10, 1994 partial (94%) solar eclipse over thedesert at the Atmospheric Profiler Research Facilityat White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, U.S.A. A largenumber of sensors were located in the middle of theTularosa Basin to measure mean and turbulentquantities and the refractive index structureparameter (Cn2). This event permitted a rareopportunity to measure, examine, and document theeffects upon the atmospheric boundary layer of asudden cut-off and subsequent turn-on of the sun'sradiant energy. At the peak of the eclipse, whichoccurred for more than three hours, all of the heatexchange parameters were affected, the turbulentprocesses were diminished, and the refractive indexstructure parameter decreased dramatically. A time-heightdisplay from the FM-CW radar shows a Kelvin–Helmholtzwave that developed during theeclipse. The results of several analyses arepresented to document and characterize the eclipse-modifiedboundary layer. 相似文献
995.
Wet deposition of ammonium in Europe 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ammonium concentration data in precipitation have been compiled to derive a concentration and deposition field for ammonium in Europe. Measurements referring to a total number of 218 measuring sites have been considered. Because of changes in the ammonium concentrations due to the use of improper sampling procedures, a correction procedure is proposed. This makes allowance for the type of sampler used, the length of the sampling period, and whether or not light-protected sample bottles are used. Dependent on the specific sampling procedure used correction factors range from 0.75 to 1.20. According to our calculations, the total wet deposition flux of ammonium in Europe in the early 1980s amounts to 2.4 Mt NH4
+y-1. However, for some parts of Europe the flux cannot be estimated very reliably because of the low number or even the absence of measuring sites. Compared to earlier estimates for around 1960, the ammonium wet deposition flux has increased by approximately 25% during the period 1960–1980. 相似文献
996.
Factors influencing ammonia volatilization from urea in soils of the shortgrass steppe 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
D. G. Milchunas W. J. Parton D. S. Bigelow D. S. Schimel 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1988,6(4):323-340
The effects of soil moisture, temperature, and humidity treatments on urea hydrolysis and NH3 volatilization were assessed in the laboratory. Field studies were conducted to determine seasonal NH3 losses from simulated urine patches applied to contrasting soils of a representative hillslope of the shortgrass steppe region in the North American Great Plains.Losses of NH3–N were most influenced by soil moisture. The effects of temperature and humidity on total, or temporal, losses of NH3 were dependent on soil moisture. Losses ranged from 18.5% under conditions of low-temperature/high-humidity/wet soil to 7.7% under conditions of high-temperature/low-humidity/dry soil. In contrast, urea hydrolysis was not affected by soil moisture.Losses of NH3–N from simulated urine applied to field plots ranged from 1.5% on footslope soils in summer to 14.1% on backslope (midslope) soils in summer, whereas losses were 8.1% on back-slope soils in winter. Factors such as soil texture, microbial activity, and plant productivity along a toposequence had larger effects than climatic variables on variation in the volatile losses of NH3–N from this grassland.This paper is a report on the work presented at the international symposium Influence of marine and terrestrial biosphere on the chemical composition of the atmosphere, held in Mainz, F.R.G., on 16–22 March 1986. 相似文献
997.
Laboratory studies of some environmental variables controlling sulfur emissions from plants 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
R. Fall D. L. Albritton F. C. Fehsenfeld W. C. Kuster P. D. Goldan 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1988,6(4):341-362
Several trace sulfur gases that can have a significant influence on atmospheric chemistry are emitted from biological systems. In order to begin to address biological questions on the mechnisms of production of such gases, laboratory-scale experiments have been developed that reproduce such emissions under controlled conditions. Using a flux chamber technique, flats containing soil, or soil plus plants were sampled for the net fluxes of sulfur gases. The major sulfur gas emitted from all the plants tested (corn, alfalfa, and wheat) was dimethyl sulfide (DMS). Alfalfa and wheat also emitted lesser amounts of methanethiol, variable amounls of hydrogen sulfide, and in some experiments wheat emitted carbon disulfide. The use of a plant incubator allowed a systematic study of the effects of variables such as temperature, photon flux, and carbon dioxide levels, on these emissions. Fluxes of all the emitted sulfur gases increased exponentially with increasing air temperature, and increased with increasing photon flux up to a saturation level of \~300 E/m–2 sec-1. Three to four-fold changes in DMS flux were observed during light to dark or dark to light transitions. By varying the CO2 content of the chamber flush gas, it was shown that the observed sulfur fluxes from corn and alfalfa were not related to the CO2 concentration. Growing these crop plants through holes in a Teflon soil-covering film allowed a separate determination of soil and foliage emissions and substantiation of the light dependent uptake of COS by growing vegetation observed in previous field studies. 相似文献
998.
Wang Andong Ren Yuhe Sun Wenfu Yu Longwei Liang Jingming Cao Tianqing Gu Haoding 《地震学报(英文版)》1988,1(4):60-72
We have obtained altogether heat flux data of 23 drill holes including 2 observational holes of thermal flow in the Haicheng
seismic area. These data show roughly thermal structure of the crust in eastern Liaoning and in the Haicheng seismic area.
The results indicate that there is higher value of heat flow in the belt north by east from Liaoyang to Xiongyue, the average
thermal flux being 8.29× 10−2J/m2·s (2.0 hfu). The average thermal fulx in the Haicheng seismic area is 9.22×102J/m2·s (2.2 hfu).
Comparing with other known geophysical data of the Haicheng seismic area, we give a geophysical section of comprehensive interpretation.
We suppose the low-velocity layer in the lower crust of the Haicheng seismic area is a result from intrusion of large-scale
uper mantle substance. High temperature and low velocity mean that the layer has the nature of plastic mechanics. The focal
region of the Haicheng earthquake is situated right in the upper part of that plastic layer. Obviously, this result is significant
for studying the seismogenic process of the Haicheng earthquake and other intra-plate earthquakes.
We attempt to emphasize that observation of heat flow is necessary for earthquake study.
Gu Haoding did the actual writing. 相似文献
999.
Ou Yonghe Zhang Yingling 《地球科学》1986,(2)
本文在分析矿区水文地质条件并加以简化的基础上,对含水层的边界条件及非均质性作了技术处理,从而确定了矿区水文地质计算模型,然后运用泰斯非稳定流理论建立求解疏干流量的数学模型。在规定的疏干要求下,预测了各阶段的疏干流量及相应的疏干时间。文中对阶梯流量迭加计算过程,当含水层为承压—无压状态下,如何确定水力传导系数,提出了新的方法。 相似文献
1000.
The chemical reactivity of NO and NO2 is so rapid that their fluxes and concentrations can be considerably modified from that expected for conserved variables in the atmospheric surface layer, even as low as a meter above the surface. Fitzjarrald and Lenschow (1983) have calculated flux and mean concentration profiles for NO, NO2 and O3 in the surface layer using numerical techniques. However, their solutions do not approach the photostationary state at large heights. Here we solve a simpler set of equations analytically (i.e. we assume a constant O3 concentration and neutral hydrodynamic stability), and are able to show how the flux profiles behave at large heights assuming that the concentrations approach their photostationary values. We find, for example, that at large heights the ratio of the flux of NO to that of NO2 is equal to the ratio of their concentrations. These results are relevant to estimating surface fluxes of NO and NO2, and are most applicable to nonurban environments where NO and NO2 concentrations are usually much less than O3 concentration.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. 相似文献