Quantifying CO2 fluxes from soil surfaces to the atmosphere

Measurements of CO₂ fluxes from ground surface of the atmosphere (soil respiration) are needed to quantify biotic and abiotic reaction rates in unsaturated zones and to gain insight into the importance of these processes on global warming. The use of three techniques (dynamic closed chambers, static chambers, and gradient calculations) to determine soil respiration was assessed by measuring fluxes of microbially produced CO₂ from an unsaturated mesocosm (2.4 m dia.×3.2 m thick) and two unsaturated minicosms (0.58 m dia.×1.2 m thick), one maintained at 18–23 °C (HT) and the other at 5 °C (LT). By injecting known and constant CO₂ fluxes into the bottom of the HT minicosm and measuring the resulting fluxes, it was shown that the dynamic closed chamber (DCCS) technique yielded accurate measurements of fluxes over the range observed from natural unsaturated media. Over this same range, results showed that the concentration gradient method yielded reasonable estimates of fluxes but its accuracy was limited by uncertainties in both the concentration gradient and the gaseous diffusion coefficient in the soil atmosphere. The static chamber method underestimated the actual flux at higher CO₂ fluxes and when adsorption times of >24 h were used.     

Exchange flux of total gaseous mercury between air and natural water surfaces in summer season

The exchanges of mercury between surface and air are of significance in the biogeochemical cycling of Hg in the environment, but there are still few reliable data on air/surface exchange in aquatic systems. Field measurement campaigns over seawater surface at Kristineberg Marine Research Station (KMRS) and over Hovg?rds?n River surface at Knobesholm in southwestern Sweden were conducted to measure mercury flux using a dynamic flux chamber technique coupled with automatic mercury vapor-phase analyzers. Both sites show net emissions during summer time. Mercury fluxes measured over both river and seawater surfaces exhibit a consistently diurnal pattern with maximum fluxes during the daytime period and minimum fluxes during the nighttime period. At freshwater site, mercury flux is strongly correlated with the intensity of net solar radiation, and negatively correlated with relative humidity. A typical exponential relationship between mercury flux and water temperature was observed at freshwater measurement site. At seawater site, a strong correlation between mercury flux and intensity of solar radiation was obtained. The driving force of mercury emission from water surface to air is the super-saturation of dissolved gaseous mercury in aqueous phase.     

碱性花岗岩的动力学氧同位素交换和流体流动几何学：交换机制和平流冷却

新疆北部乌仑古塔斯嘎克碱性花岗岩体分为主体相和北部边缘相。条纹长石广泛发育出溶；石英与碱性长石复杂交生。条纹长石的出溶衍生出压应力，造成石英的变形。大部分钠铁闪石是由霓辉石交代形成的。在δ^18O石英-δ^18O条纹长石和δ^18O石英-δ^18O钠铁闪石协变图上，应用耦合的质量传输和动力学限制的同位素交换模型对样品进行了模拟。相对交换速率常数和3个矿物的显微组构特征共同指示，表面反应即溶解-再沉淀和管道扩散是氧同位素交换的主要机制。大气降水从塔斯嘎克碱性花岗岩的北部边缘相住主体相发生了平流渗透。北部边缘相样品的较陡的斜率、以及石英和条纹长石较低的^18O亏损程度，被解释为是由于与同位素组成未演化的短路径大气降水在相对较短的时限内发生氧同位素交换造成的。但是，与同位素组成演化了的长路径大气降水在相对较长的时限内的相互作用，导致了主体样品的较缓的斜率以及石英和条纹长石的较高程度的^18O亏损。对于一个侵入岩体的冷却来说，平流冷却与传导冷却一样重要。     

Variation of fluxes of water vapor, sensible heat and carbon dioxide above winter wheat and maize canopies

Surface energy fluxes were measured using Bowen-Ratio Energy Balance technique (BREB) and eddy correlation system at Luancheng of Hebei Province, on the North China Plain from 1999 to 2001. Average diurnal variation of surface energy fluxes and CO2 flux for maize showed the inverse "U" type. The average peak fluxes did not appear at noon, but after noon. The average peak CO2 flux was about 1.65 mg m-2 s-1. Crop water use efficiency (WUE) increased quickly in the morning, stabilized after 10:00 and decreased quickly after 15:00 with no evident peak value. The ratio of latent heat flux (λE) to net solar radiation (Rn) was always higher than 70% during winter wheat and maize seasons. The seasonal average ratio of sensible heat flux (H) divided by Rn stayed at about 15% above the field surface; the seasonal average ratio of conductive heat flux (G) divided by Rn varied between 5% and 13%, and the average G/Rn from the wheat canopy was evidently higher than that from the maize canopy. The evaporative fraction (EF) is correlated to the Bowen ratio in a reverse function. EF for winter wheat increased quickly during that revival stage, after the stage, it gradually stabilized to 1.0, and fluctuated around 1.0. EF for maize also fluctuated around 1.0 before the later grain filling stage, and decreased after that stage.     

咸淡水过渡带化学过程的试验研究

通过不同比例的咸淡水混合作用及水岩作用的室内模拟实验,对咸淡水过渡带的水文地球化学作用进行了研究。在咸淡水混合作用的过程中,海水与淡水的混合是以机械混合为基础的复杂的化学过程,混合液的总碱度和pH值均显著上升,而电导率明显下降,方解石和石膏的饱和指数均明显增大,而Pco2降低。在水岩作用的过程中,混合液的pH值、总碱度和电导率均显著上升,石膏的饱和指数由～1．06～-0．71升高至-0．86～-0．50,石膏发生溶解;方解石的饱和指数由0．69～1．07降至0.00-0．10,方解石发生沉淀．最后接近平衡状态。     

青海湖高寒湿地生态系统生长季CH4通量

利用涡度相关法研究青海湖高寒湿地生态系统2015-2016年生长季CH₄通量。结果显示：生长季CH₄通量表现为白天排放、夜间微弱吸收或排放的日变化特征,其中2015年CH₄通量日平均值为56.67 mg·m^-2,2016年CH₄通量日平均值为35.92 mg·m^-2。7月和8月排放量最大,生长季前期和后期排放较弱,2015年最大排放量出现在7月,为3.76 g·m^-2,2016最大排放量出现在8月,为1.67 g·m^-2。温度、电导率、土壤体积含水量与CH₄通量显著相关,气温和CH₄通量线性正相关。生态系统总初级生产力和呼吸及水热通量与CH₄通量也存在显著的相关关系,其中生态系统总初级生产力和呼吸是影响甲烷动态变化的主要因子。     

半干旱区不同类型沙丘风沙流结构特征

采用两种阶梯式集沙仪和小型气象站于2017年4—5月对科尔沁沙地流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘0~75 cm气流层风沙流的总输沙量、输沙率、粒径组成分布和风蚀特征值进行了观测。结果表明：（1）随着高度增加,总输沙量下降,随着风速增加,总输沙量上升;92.20%~95.60%的输沙量发生在0~21 cm高度。（2）总输沙率（Q）流动沙丘>半固定沙丘>固定沙丘,将Q与地上200 cm风速进行函数拟合,流动沙丘幂函数最佳（R²=0.986）,半固定（R²=0.990）和固定沙丘（R²=0.956）指数函数最佳。（3）将各高度的输沙率与地上200 cm风速进行函数拟合,流动沙丘（R²≥0.905）和半固定沙丘（R²≥0.968）拟合度幂函数好于指数函数,固定沙丘（R²≥0.923）指数函数优于幂函数。（4）在一定高度下,3类沙丘输沙率均随着风速的增加而增加;在一定风速下,输沙率随着高度的增加而逐渐递减。（5）3类沙丘的特征值随着风速的增加呈现出逐渐递增的趋势;流动沙丘以λ>1为主,表现出持续侵蚀输送沙粒的能力;半固定沙丘当风速>9.0 m·s^-1时逐渐出现侵蚀状态;固定沙丘以λ<1为主,近地表风沙以堆积状态为主。（6）3类沙丘主要由粒径为0.1~0.25 mm的细沙构成,在0~30 cm高度,细沙占输沙量的50.09%~85.11%,在30~75 cm高度,细沙占输沙量的43.53%~75.53%。     

巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山近地层温湿廓线与能量交换特征

利用兰州大学冰川与沙漠研究中心科学观测实验站2015—2016年获得的高大沙山微气象数据,分析了巴丹吉林沙漠温湿廓线结构、土壤分层温度、辐射通量等特征,利用组合法和一维热传导方程分别计算了湍流通量及土壤热通量。结果表明：（1）近地层大气自下而上呈现近似等温或逆温分布,冬季逆温层厚度大于夏季。（2）初次观测到逆湿现象,比湿夏季最大,冬季最小,秋季和春季次之,全年平均约为4.2 g·kg^-1,高于塔克拉玛干沙漠。（3）土壤热通量在2月底至5月初振幅较大;感热通量具有显著的平均日变化特征,潜热通量平均日变化平稳,以0 W·m^-2为中心上下波动。能量交换以感热通量为主,陆-气温度差异是沙山感热通量变化的主要影响和控制因子。     

亚热带城市湖泊与河流CO2气体通量特征及其影响因素

湖泊、河流等内陆水体是连接陆地生态系统和海洋的“长程碳环路”的重要节点,也是温室气体二氧化碳(CO₂)排放源,在调节陆地、海洋间的碳迁移转换中发挥着重要作用。相对于自然水体,城市水体因面积小、水深浅且受监测方法限制,水-气界面碳通量经常被忽略。为探讨我国亚热带城市水体温室气体排放特征,本研究以湖南省长沙市典型城市水体,包括洋湖、西湖、松雅湖、月湖4个湖泊和湘江长沙段为研究对象,分别于2022年4和10月采用光化学反馈-腔增强吸收光谱法(OF-CEAS)和扩散模型法对水-气界面CO₂通量进行对比测定。结果表明,长沙城市湖泊与河流春季为CO₂排放源,秋季为吸收汇,河流水-气界面CO₂通量呈显著季节差异。河湖之间CO₂通量在春季表现为显著差异,秋季差异不显著。CO₂通量与水体溶解氧、水体总氮浓度等呈显著正相关。2种方法的CO₂通量对比测定在湖泊上显著相关,但对河流而言相关性不显著。研究揭示的城市湖泊与河流CO₂气体的排放特征有利于深入探究城市水体碳的迁移转化,可对全面了解全球气候变化过程和河湖湿地温室气体减排和调控提供科学支撑。     

Sedimentary Basins: Tectonic Recorders of Sediment Discharge from Drainage Catchments

The sedimentary basin is to geology what the drainage system is to geomorphology, with sediment flux being a unifying link between the two features and disciplines. The global sediment discharge from contents to oceans contributes to major mass recycling associated with plate subduction. Major plate reorganization is accompanied by small fluctuations in continental volumes due to recycling of sediment stored along the sink-like passive margins. In continental sedimentary basins the SEdiment Preservation RAtio (SEPRA) depends upon the tectonic ‘drawdown’ of sediment flux preserved in the subsurface until basin inversion. Major unsteadiness in sediment discharge arises from teconic or climatic causes, the latter prominent in the Quaternary to Holocene record. Contrasting trends in sediment discharge reflect both the nature of climate and vegetation change and source rock lithology. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.