A temperate,tidal lake‐wetland complex 2. Water quality and implications for zooplankton community structure

Lakes Waihola and Waipori are shallow, coastal, tidal lakes that experience wind‐induced sediment resuspension, saline intrusions, and high inputs of nutrients. To determine the influence of externally‐driven, physical factors on spatial and temporal patterns of water quality in the two lakes, meteorological, hydrological, and water quality data were collected over 1 year. Multivariate analyses indicated that wind energy was driving the main water quality gradient in the lakes, which was primarily related to wind‐induced resuspension of lake sediments. The major, seasonally regulated, non‐tidal freshwater inflow was important in determining nutrient and salinity gradients in the lakes. The main nutrient inputs to the system were identified as the regulated, non‐tidal inflow (the upper Waipori River) and the tidal inflow (lower Waipori River). The impact of water quality gradients on zooplankton community structure in the lakes was assessed by canonical multivariate methods. Salinity gradients, caused by seasonal saltwater intrusions, were strongly related to zooplankton community structure in the lakes. Nutrient gradients (indicative of trophic state) were also related to zooplankton community structure. Although wind‐induced sediment resuspension had the largest impact on water quality in the lakes, it had little impact on the zooplankton community structure in either lake. The relationships between water quality and zooplankton community structure were confounded in Lake Waipori because of its very short hydraulic residence time (annual mean =1.9 days). Zooplankton community structure was resilient to short‐term changes in suspended particulate matter concentrations but not to seasonal changes in salinity. The results of this study support others which have shown impacts of even relatively small variations in salinity on the structure of zooplankton communities. This highlights the vulnerability of zooplankton communities in coastal lakes and wetlands to increasing salinity resulting from sea level rise and global climate change.     

西藏帕里湖卫星遥感监测

为查明2004年和2005年夏季在中印边界附近发生的滑坡堰塞湖溃坝灾害,采用高分辨率为主的多时相卫星图像和“数字滑坡”技术对帕里河中段从形成堰寒湖到溃坝的整个过程进行了监测。监测结果表明位于喜马拉雅山脉西段的帕里湖为高原山地萎缩湖盆,滑坡筑坝形成堰塞湖至溃坝可分为4个阶段,估算溃坝前湖面的最大高程、最大面积和最大水繁分别达3907m、1．75km^2和6144×10^4 m^3,2005-06-26溃坝的下泄洪水量为3738×10^4 m^3。预测未来汛期帕里湖下游仍然存在崩塌滑坡活动及短暂堵江形成堰塞湖的可能性,但其规模将大多小于2004-2005年的灾害。在本次遥感监测的基础上,定期进行遥感监测,当帕里湖水面面积≥1．6km^2时,即通知下游作好撤离等避灾准备,是目前最经济有效的预警防灾措施。     

吉林辉南二龙湾玛珥湖12.0 ka B.P.以来孢粉记录与气候变化

东北二龙湾玛珥湖孢粉记录显示,12.0 ka B.P.以来,该区植被和气候经历了以下变化：11.76～9.81 ka B.P. 发育针阔叶混交林,气候冷干。9.81～4.11 ka B.P.为落叶阔叶林植被景观,前期（9.81～8.86 ka B.P.）温干,为增温期;后期（8.86～4.11 ka B.P.）暖湿,为气候适宜期。4.11 ka B.P.至今,再次发育针阔叶混交林, 其中1.62 ka B.P.以前,气候温凉;之后湿度下降,气候凉干。研究表明:YD（11.56～10.21 ka B.P.）事件在二龙湾玛珥湖孢粉资料中有突出记录,4.0 ka B.P.左右开始的降温现象在东北东部地区广泛出现。     

基于多源空间数据的鲁中北五湖近100年变化分析

北五湖系鲁中黄河以南自北向南分布的一系列湖泊,分别为安山湖、马踏湖、南旺湖、蜀山湖和马场湖。近100年来,北五湖陆续淤废,目前,除安山湖、马场湖尚有残存外,其他诸湖悉数消亡。作者收集了北五湖地区1907年测绘地图、成像于1954年的航片、成像于1975年的MSS遥感影像、分别成像于1987年、2001年的TM遥感影像以及成像于2005年的SPOT5 XS遥感影像等6个时段的数据。对其进行了几何纠正与配准、图像镶嵌等预处理,通过目视解译和遥感分类等手段提取了该地区6个时期的北五湖空间分布数据。根据北五湖6个不同时段的空间展布特征,分析了近100年以来北五湖消亡的幅度、速度和时间等特征,并在此基础上初步探讨了北五湖消亡的原因。     

Subaqueous geothermal activity revealed by lacustrine sediments of the acidic Nakadake crater lake, Aso Volcano, Japan

Lacustrine sediments were sampled from the inaccessible acidic (pH = 0.43) Nakadake crater lake of Aso Volcano, Japan by a simple method. The sediments contain an extremely high content (74 wt.%) of sulfur, which exits as elemental sulfur, gypsum and anhydrite. The abundant elemental sulfur is likely formed by the reaction of SO₂ and H₂S gases and by the SO₂ disproportionation reaction in magmatic hydrothermal system below the crater lake. Based on the sulfur content of sediments and measurements of elevation change of the crater bottom, the sulfur accumulation rate at the Nakadake crater lake was calculated as 250 tonne/day, which is comparable with the SO₂ emission rate (200–600 tonne/day) from the Nakadake crater. The sediments include a small amount (9%) of clear glass shards that are apparently not altered in spite of the high reactivity of hyperacid lake water. This finding suggests that the clear glass shards are fragments of recently emitted magmas from fumaroles on the bottom of the crater lake and the magma emissions continuously occur even in quiescent periods.     

Remarkable geochemical changes and degassing at Voui crater lake,Ambae volcano,Vanuatu

Ambae (also known as Aoba), is a 38 × 16 km² lozenge-shaped island volcano with a coastal population of around 10 000. At the summit of the volcano is lake Voui — one of the largest active crater lakes worldwide, with 40 × 10⁶ m³ of acidic water perched 1400 m a.s.l. After more than 300 years of dormancy, Ambae volcano reawakened with phreatic eruptions through Voui in 1995, and culminating in a series of surtseyan eruptions in 2005, followed by a rapid and spectacular colour change of the lake from light blue to red in 2006. Integrating lake water chemistry with new measurements of SO₂ emissions from the volcano during the 2005–2006 eruptive period helps to explain the unusual and spectacular volcanic activity of Ambae — initially, a degassed magma approached the lake bed and triggered the surtseyan eruption. Depressurization of the conduit facilitated ascent of volatile-rich magma from the deeper plumbing system. The construction of a cone during eruption and the high degassing destabilised the equilibrium of lake stratification leading to a limnic event and subsequently the spectacular colour change.     

How many seasons are there in a sub-tropical lake? A multivariate statistical approach to determine seasonality and its application to phytoplankton dynamics

Seasonal patterns in factors that affect primary producers are an important part of defining the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. However, defining seasonality is often more difficult in aquatic than in terrestrial ecosystems, particularly in subtropical and tropical environments. In this study, a long-term data set for a shallow subtropical lake (Lake George, Florida, USA) was used to investigate seasonality using a range of physical, chemical and hydrological parameters. K-means cluster analysis of monthly averages among 11 selected environmental factors across 18 years suggested the overall annual pattern consists of three different seasonal clusters: a cold season (January–April), a warm season (May–August) and a flushing season (September–December). High dissolved oxygen and increased Secchi depth are key features of the cold season, while the warm season is characterized by high mean light irradiances, temperature, rainfalls, total nitrogen and phytoplankton biomass (as chlorophyll a level). The flushing season is characterized by high river discharge rates and high levels of dissolved nutrients and colored organic matter. Multiple response permutation procedures indicated that these seasonal cluster arrangements were significantly different than randomly permuted clusters (A-statistics = 0.3314, significance of delta = 0.0160, based on 1000 permutations). Results from principal component analyses supported the presence of the three seasons in the lake. Linear models explaining chlorophyll a levels using the 3-season system generally indicated better ratios of explained variance compared to the models without seasonal alignments, further indicating that even for sub-tropical systems defining seasons provides a better understanding of phytoplankton dynamics. The approaches used in this study provide statistically-based multivariate tools for the definition of seasonality in aquatic ecosystems. The ability to accurately define seasons is a key step in modeling the structure and dynamics of aquatic ecosystem, which is essential to the development of effective management strategies in a rapidly changing world.     

Spatial distribution and abundance of Unionidae mussels in a eutrophic floodplain lake

Although Unionidae mussels produce large biomass and reach high density in freshwater habitats, little is known about their ecology. We studied the distribution of 5 species of freshwater unionids in a eutrophic floodplain lake, on transects, along the lake shore and across the depth gradient. The clam distribution within the water body was not random: all species form a crowded zone along the lake shore, showing the highest density at ca. 0.5 m depth. The distribution of the most numerous species changed along the shore in Anodonta anatina and Unio pictorum but not in A. cygnea, whose numbers remained constant. The population numbers of the most numerous species showed a positive correlation with silt layer thickness. The generalized model of all the analyzed factors influencing the unionids’ distribution confirmed this relation and indicated a trade-off between water depth and distance from bank, which might be responsible for the occurrence of the zone at some optimum depth. Unionids have an important influence on freshwater ecosystem functions, thus their zonation implies that their functions are also spatially structured.