从涨退水看鄱阳湖水位-湖面面积关系

鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖,鄱阳湖水位-面积关系对研究鄱阳湖生态环境的变化具有重要意义。目前研究所建立的鄱阳湖水位-面积关系各异,存在一定的不确定性,其原因在于忽略了涨退水对鄱阳湖水位与面积的影响。在考虑鄱阳湖涨水与退水过程的基础上,利用鄱阳湖2000~2014年实测水位数据与对应的遥感影像数据,分析了鄱阳湖同一水位出现多个水面面积情况下湖泊不同面积的空间分布及其成因,并对鄱阳湖水面面积与水位关系的不确定性进行了分析。研究结果表明:(1)鄱阳湖水面面积与水位关系存在不确定性,主要受鄱阳湖涨水与退水过程中鄱阳湖水面比降不同的影响;(2)在同一水位条件下,涨水过程中鄱阳湖水面面积往往大于退水过程的水面面积,同时水面面积的增减变化与涨水退水的幅度变化趋势呈一致性;(3)涨水与退水过程对鄱阳湖水位与面积的影响主要表现在中低水位,随着水位增长到高水位时,这种影响会越来越小。     

The failure mechanism of a Late Glacial Sturzstrom in the Subalpine Molasse (Leckner Valley, Vorarlberg, Austria)

A number of prehistoric landslides and rock avalanches occurred in the folded and faulted section of the Molasse Zone in Vorarlberg, Austria. Some developed into a Sturzstrom, defined as a ‘rapidly moving fluidised mass movement of large volumes of rock, derived from the disintegration of a falling rock mass, that spread under the influence of gravity’. Their impact on the landscape usually is related to obstruction of rivers and valleys.In this paper, we analyse the geomorphology and the failure mechanism of a relative small ‘Sturzstrom’. The failure mechanism can be described as a ‘buckling failure’. The morphological situation indicates that failure took place after local deglaciation by the end of the Upper Würm. The period of failure coincides with glacial and ice-marginal remnants, which developed between 15.000 and 14.600 BP. The lithological sequence and rock structure, as well as the impact of the processes related to the former glacial environment, were major causal conditions. The rock sequence consists of conglomerates, sandstone layers, and marls. Next to glacial scouring, which increased the inclination of the valley slopes, the effect of late-glacial unloading and postglacial processes, such as weathering and fluvial erosion, subsequently weakened the mass rock fabric until failure occurred.Discontinuity orientation measurements, geostructural and geomechanical conditions, and the former hydrological and geomorphological conditions support bucklings failure. In fact, three-hinge buckling may have occurred. The frontal section of the Sturzstrom consists mainly of large conglomerate blocks, averaging 1.5 m³ in volume, although megablocks, reaching of up to 4000 m³, are present as well. The volume of the entire Sturzstrom equals approximately 10×10⁷ m³. Present activity is only restricted to minor rock falls derived from the conglomerates and mudflows originating from the marl layers.     

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近年来黄河源头地区玛多县湖泊变化

根据时间序列数据2001-2006年连续6年的MODIS资料,连续监测了玛多县近几年的湖泊变化情况,结果表明玛多全县2006年的湖泊比2001年多35个,湖泊面积增加了56.59km^2,以2003年为最低值,从2001-2003年全县湖泊面积逐年减少,而从2003-2006年全县湖泊面积逐年增加。各主要湖泊呈现不同的变化趋势,与全县湖泊的变化趋势不太一致。年降水量与全县湖泊面积相关系数最大,说明年降水量对全县湖泊面积的影响较大,各主要湖泊受各气候要素的影响大小也不一样。     

我国河流湖泊污染的防治技术及发展趋势

我国河流湖泊污染现状为V类和劣V类水质占七大水系(辽河、海河、淮河、黄河、松花江、珠江、长江)主要断面的50%以上,高中营养化湖泊占被调查湖泊的85%以上,河流湖泊污染状况十分严峻.目前河流湖泊采取的污染防治技术措施主要有:削减截流污染源、完善城市排水系统和建设污水处理厂、河流低泥疏浚、河道曝气技术、生物修复技术、水生植被恢复工程、引清冲淡等等.生物生态技术将在河流湖泊污染防治及生态恢复中发挥重要的作用.     

三角洲在坳陷盆地沉积中所占比例研究

在对全球现代三角洲体系统计分析的基础上,将坳陷盆地沉积体系简化为河流-三角洲-湖泊,建立沉积体系模型。后期沉积体系叠置在前期沉积体系之上,同时也对前期沉积体系进行改造。每期沉积体系体系均发育有河流-三角洲-湖泊,将其作为整体进行研究。假设盆地规模不变,沉积基准面下降-进积过程表现为河流沉积在盆地中所占比例增大,沉积基准面上升-退积过程表现为湖泊沉积在盆地中所占比例增大。变化过程中,三角洲在盆地中所占的比例变化较小;相对于沉积盆地,三角洲体系不占主体地位,而是处于一定的比例范围(三角洲总面积/盆地面积在0~10%之间)。因此三角洲的规模,取决于沉积盆地的规模,开展沉积相研究必须考虑宏观盆地尺度背景。     

Formation and water environmental evolution of the Nansihu Lake

Through high-resolution research of sedimental chronology and the sediment environmental indexes, such as graininess, minerals, magnetic parameters, pigment content, organic carbon and chronology in Ds-core and Ws-core in Nansihu Lake, the authors analyze the formation cause of the Nansihu Lake and its water environmental changes. Historical documents are also analyzed here in order to reach the conclusion. Researches indicate that the Nansihu Lake came into being about 2500 aBP and its evolution succession can be divided into four stages. In this evolution process, several scattered lakes merge into one large lake in the east of China. This process is distinctively affected by the overflow of the Yellow River, the excavation of the Grand Canal and other human activities.     

A comparison of the sedimentary records of the 1960 and 2010 great Chilean earthquakes in 17 lakes: Implications for quantitative lacustrine palaeoseismology

Seismically‐induced event deposits embedded in the sedimentary infill of lacustrine basins are highly useful for palaeoseismic reconstructions. Recent, well‐documented, great megathrust earthquakes provide an ideal opportunity to calibrate seismically‐induced event deposits for lakes with different characteristics and located in different settings. This study used 107 short sediment cores to investigate the sedimentary impact of the 1960 M_w 9·5 Valdivia and the 2010 M_w 8·8 Maule earthquakes in 17 lakes in South‐Central Chile (i.e. lakes Negra, Lo Encañado, Aculeo, Vichuquén, Laja, Villarrica, Calafquén, Pullinque, Pellaifa, Panguipulli, Neltume, Riñihue, Ranco, Maihue, Puyehue, Rupanco and Llanquihue). A combination of image analysis, magnetic susceptibility and grain‐size analysis allows identification of five types of seismically‐induced event deposits: (i) mass‐transport deposits; (ii) in situ deformations; (iii) lacustrine turbidites with a composition similar to the hemipelagic background sediments (lacustrine turbidites type 1); (iv) lacustrine turbidites with a composition different from the background sediments (lacustrine turbidites type 2) and (v) megaturbidites. These seismically‐induced event deposits were compared to local seismic intensities of the causative earthquakes, eyewitness reports, post‐earthquake observations, and vegetation and geomorphology of the catchment and the lake. Megaturbidites occur where lake seiches took place. Lacustrine turbidites type 2 can be the result of: (i) local near‐shore mass wasting; (ii) delta collapse; (iii) onshore landslides; (iv) debris flows or mudflows; or (v) fluvial reworking of landslide debris. On the contrary, lacustrine turbidites type 1 are the result of shallow mass wasting on sublacustrine slopes covered by hemipelagic sediments. Due to their more constrained origin, lacustrine turbidites type 1 are the most reliable type of seismically‐induced event deposits in quantitative palaeoseismology, because they are almost exclusively triggered by earthquake shaking. Moreover, they most sensitively record varying seismic shaking intensities. The number of lacustrine turbidites type 1 linearly increases with increasing seismic intensity, starting with no lacustrine turbidites type 1 at intensities between V½ and VI and reaching 100% when intensities are higher than VII½. Combining different types of seismically‐induced event deposits allows the reconstruction of the complete impact of an earthquake.     

聚煤期植物作用下的煤系旋回沉积

煤系特征的还原色和突发性、阶段性间断—充填相间的非渐变旋回沉积,明显不同于其他沉积地层。为探究其成因,引用“将今论古”原理,一方面,调查现代植物的生存潜力,植物对地表碎屑的稳固作用,以及植物涵养水源、调节气候等宏观环境效应;另一方面,通过古生物、地层、煤系、煤层、煤质等研究成果,分析地质历史时期植物的发生、发展、繁盛、衰落的演替历程,以及各聚煤期的形成演化。运用比较沉积学方法将二者分阶段不同功能进行类比,经过一系列证据链推演,推导出聚煤期是植物演替更新后发展到鼎盛阶段的产物,当时的植物异常繁盛,具有强劲的拓殖能力和群体效应。各聚煤期植物规模化发展,已经从脆弱的遭受河流、海浪、潮汐等流体的冲刷、改造的被动阶段,回归到主动限制河流的侧蚀、迁移、汇聚,以及压制海浪、潮流的高度,是由个体生存发展为群体效应的过程,是从现代脆弱的植物生态反演到聚煤期强劲的控盆植被系统的依律回溯过程,是植物功能潜力的充分展现,是质的飞跃。聚煤期植被主导下,陆源碎屑库的累积和崩溃,控制盆地碎屑萎缩与扩张、煤系突发间断性沉积,致使煤层向盆缘分岔变薄以致尖灭、煤层中断续沉积角砾岩、同生多阶性带状砂体、陆表海多重障壁体系、...     

The tempo-spatial characteristics and forming mechanism of Lithium-rich brines in China

With the technological development of exploitation and separation, the primary sources of lithium have gradually changed from ore to brine, which has become the main raw material, accounting for more than 80% of the total production. Resources of lithium-bearing brine are abundant in China. This paper has summarized the spatial and temporal distribution, characteristics, and formation mechanism of the lithium-rich brine in China, aiming to provide a comprehensive set of guidelines for future lithium exploitation from brines. Lithium-rich brines usually exist in modern saline lakes and deep underground sedimentary rocks as subsurface brines. The metallogenic epoch of China’s lithium-rich brine spans from the Triassic to the Quaternary, and these brines exhibit obvious regional distribution characteristics. Modern lithium-rich saline lakes are predominately located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In comparison, the subsurface lithium-rich brines are mainly distributed in the sedimentary basins of Sichuan, Hubei, Jiangxi provinces and so on in south Block of China, and some are in the western part of the Qaidam Basin in Qinghai province in northwestern China. Lithium-rich saline lakes are belonging to chloride-enriched, sulfate-enriched, and carbonate-enriched, while the deep lithium-rich brines are mainly chloride-enriched in classification. On the whole, the value of Mg/Li in deep brine is generally lower than that of brine in saline lakes. The genesis of lithium-rich brines in China is not uniform, generally there are two processes, which are respectively suitable for salt lakes and deep brine.