Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results

Five test runs were performed to assess possible bias when performing the loss on ignition (LOI) method to estimate organic matter and carbonate content of lake sediments. An accurate and stable weight loss was achieved after 2 h of burning pure CaCO₃ at 950 °C, whereas LOI of pure graphite at 530 °C showed a direct relation to sample size and exposure time, with only 40-70% of the possible weight loss reached after 2 h of exposure and smaller samples losing weight faster than larger ones. Experiments with a standardised lake sediment revealed a strong initial weight loss at 550 °C, but samples continued to lose weight at a slow rate at exposure of up to 64 h, which was likely the effect of loss of volatile salts, structural water of clay minerals or metal oxides, or of inorganic carbon after the initial burning of organic matter. A further test-run revealed that at 550 °C samples in the centre of the furnace lost more weight than marginal samples. At 950 °C this pattern was still apparent but the differences became negligible. Again, LOI was dependent on sample size.An analytical LOI quality control experiment including ten different laboratories was carried out using each laboratory's own LOI procedure as well as a standardised LOI procedure to analyse three different sediments. The range of LOI values between laboratories measured at 550 °C was generally larger when each laboratory used its own method than when using the standard method. This was similar for 950 °C, although the range of values tended to be smaller. The within-laboratory range of LOI measurements for a given sediment was generally small. Comparisons of the results of the individual and the standardised method suggest that there is a laboratory-specific pattern in the results, probably due to differences in laboratory equipment and/or handling that could not be eliminated by standardising the LOI procedure.Factors such as sample size, exposure time, position of samples in the furnace and the laboratory measuring affected LOI results, with LOI at 550 °C being more susceptible to these factors than LOI at 950 °C. We, therefore, recommend analysts to be consistent in the LOI method used in relation to the ignition temperatures, exposure times, and the sample size and to include information on these three parameters when referring to the method.     

Progress and Prospects of Salt Lake Research in China

正1 Introduction Salt lakes in China distributes in the east part of the salt lake belt of Northern Hemisphere,and they originated under complex morphological and geological background.The QT Plateau and its northern areas belong to active tectonic zone and stable tectonic zone respectively.With elevation varies from more than 5000 m to the lowest of-     

准噶尔盆地冬季一个例低空风、温、湿场的数值模拟

利用美国NCAR非静力平衡模式MM5V3，模拟了新疆准噶尔盆地冬季局地小气候效应，再现了山谷风环流和冬季“冷湖效应”。模拟结果与现有理论及观测事实基本一致。模拟结果表明：准噶尔盆地冬季大面积被积雪覆盖，下垫面反照率大，因此山谷风环流同黑河地区相比较弱，但“冷湖效应”显著，逆温特征明显，最强可达10℃。     

云南高原典型湖泊现代过程及环境演变研究进展

对云南省境内从南到北、由低至高分布的7个典型湖泊进行钻探取样,共钻取岩芯140m,同时对部分湖泊采集了表泥样品。对湖区古湖岸阶地、层状地貌和相关地层考察研究表明:主要存在着2～3次明显的高湖岸,高湖岸已受构造作用的强烈影响发生变形;杞麓湖、拉市海、文海等分布着高于落水洞时代很新的多层贝壳层,蛇山组沉积结束于末次冰期晚期及其它相关证据说明,该区现代水系可能是最近几万年才最终形成。     

罗布泊盐湖区深部钾盐找矿：理论、勘查、进展及前景分析

本文对近年来罗布泊深部钾盐成矿规律研究及找矿进展进行了梳理总结。将其大致归纳为"上升卤水补给"及"含水墙"等成钾理论/模式,为罗布泊后备钾资源找矿提供了新的方向和思路,预测了有利成钾靶区。建立以遥感地质解译、高精度重力剖面测量、EH4连续电导率成像以及氡气剖面测量为主的勘查技术体系,实现了盐湖区深部钾盐找矿靶区高效、经济圈定以及钻孔定位。实施深部钾盐科学钻探验证工程,揭示罗布泊深部赋存有丰富、可采的卤水钾盐资源,取得了找矿突破。罗布泊深部钾盐找矿是理论指导找矿取得突破的又一案例,其成矿理论和勘查技术体系可为其他盐湖及古代盐盆地深部卤水钾盐找矿提供借鉴和参考。鉴于罗布泊卤水钾盐的高强度开发态势以及深部找矿的良好前景,有必要进一步加强深部富钾卤水成因机理研究,重点摸清200～500 m层段资源、研发相应开采技术,为罗布泊钾盐基地可持续发展提供后备资源和技术储备。     

大柴旦盐湖DCD03剖面的矿物学记录及其环境指示意义

报道了大柴旦盐湖DC1303沉积剖面硼矿层及其下伏沉积地层的矿物学、有机质烧失量（LOI）等环境指标的研究结果,首次探讨硼矿层下伏灰黄色粉砂质粘土层沉积以来大柴旦湖水水化学演变及其与区域气候变化的关联。根据剖面的岩性、矿物组合和有机质烧失量（LOI）将研究剖面划分为3个沉积单元：I．灰黄色粉砂质粘土层（623～423cm）、II．灰黑色淤泥夹结核层（423—407cm）、III．柱硼铁石矿层（407—395em）。研究结果表明,在湖底硼矿层形成之前的较长时期内,大柴旦湖是碎屑沉积为主的非盐湖相沉积环境,直到单元I顶层20cm沉积物中才开始出现少量石膏。此后快速进入硫酸盐型盐湖沉积阶段（II）和湖底柱硼镁石矿层形成阶段（Ⅲ）。有机烧失量在I1、I2和I3单元中呈阶段性增加预示区域气温稳步上升,由此导致山区降水量增加和湖区蒸发量增强。湖泊环境变化是区域水文气候条件改变的结果。     

藏东南波堆藏布江谷地古冰碛堰塞湖初步研究

藏东南作为青藏高原内外动力作用最强烈的地区之一,是河流堰塞-溃决洪水链式灾害频发地区。研究该区域古堰塞湖的形成与演化,对认识、评估灾害风险具有重要意义。研究结果表明,波堆藏布江谷地保存有一套湖相沉积地层,通过地貌填图和光释光测年等手段,并结合前人研究成果,推测海因里希事件1(H1)以来波堆藏布江谷地可能发生了一期古堰塞湖事件。该古堰塞湖可能是由波堆藏布江侧蚀白玉沟沟口冰碛垄,致使冰碛物滑塌并阻江形成的,古湖的最大湖面面积约为18.8km2,库容蓄水量约为0.13km3。该古堰塞湖的形成时间可能介于H1～10ka之间,其溃决时间可能在～6ka之后,后期河流溯源侵蚀及下切作用形成了多级以湖相地层为基座的阶地。     

遥感技术在湖泊环境研究中的应用

近10年来湖泊的研究内容不断拓展,研究方法不断完善,研究工作取得了丰硕的成果。遥感技术作为科学、快速的调查和监测手段,在湖泊环境研究领域中得到了广泛的应用。本文主要介绍国内外遥感技术在湖泊水质监测、湖泊水文参数测试、湖泊变迁调查、湖冰监测、湖泊利用调查、湖泊地质环境调查、湖区生态环境调查、古湖与考古调查等8个方面的主要研究进展。同时,综合评述了各种遥感数据源、各类遥感信息提取技术在湖泊环境研究领域的应用前景。      

试论现行盐湖卤水矿勘查规范的适用性——兼与钱学溥先生商榷

笔者等对我国盐湖矿床的勘查工作及盐湖矿产勘查规范的制修订过程进行了梳理、总结,认为盐湖卤水矿作为一种液体矿床,水只是其载体,其本质属性是矿,在开展水文地质工作的同时,按照矿产的勘查方法查明卤水及共伴生矿产资源储量,开展综合评价是一种适合的勘查方法;盐湖卤水矿勘查规范的制定和修订是对多年来盐湖卤水勘查工作的总结和完善,符合卤水矿的勘查实际,勘查成果被矿山的设计及开采所验证,总体是一部适用的规范。钱先生提出的按照地下水的勘查、评价方法去勘查盐湖卤水矿产,忽略了卤水矿的属性及固液共生的特点,夸大了周边水补给对盐湖矿产的影响,提出的可采储量与矿山设计部门计算的可采储量的约束条件不同,故不能用淡水资源的评价方法去评价卤水矿。     

平原湖区抑螺防病林池杉生长规律的研究

通过对血吸虫病重疫区江汉平原池杉抑螺防病林进行观测调查和树干解析,研究探讨了平原湖区池杉的树高、胸径和材积生长规律,并建立了随年龄变化的数学模型。池杉树高早期生长快,20a之后增长速度明显下降,连年生长量和平均生长量在15a左右相交。胸径生长以4～14a最为迅速,连年生长量和平均生长量均呈先升后降趋势并在12～14a相交。材积平均生长量在前24a一直呈上升趋势,连年生长量在22a时达到最大。材积生长率和形数随树龄增加而逐渐减小,形数在6a后趋于稳定。应根据池杉生长规律,科学营建抑螺防病林,实现综合效益最大化。