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121.
Experimental results of ion cluster reactions withatmospherically relevant species are considered hereinto provide a unified overview of the current state ofunderstanding brought about through experimentalstudies of cluster ion reactions. This isaccomplished by first outlining the atmospheric issuesaddressed by cluster ion studies and then, summarizingthe results of numerous studies. The recent, as wellas previously published studies of cluster ionreactions, are considered in the context of gainingnew insights into the molecular details ofheterogeneous processes involving the interactions ofelectrolytes with cloud droplets, ice crystals andaerosol particles. In addition to elucidating themechanisms of these and other selected reactions andtransformations of atmospheric significance, thefindings of the uptake of acid molecules in waterclusters are shown to lead to the suggestion of a newmodel that accounts for the formation of reactioncenters involving charged sites at aqueous surfaces. 相似文献
122.
IntroductionTheexistenceandmeasurabilityofearthquakenucleationinvariousgeologicalbackgroundareimportantbasicproblems.Generally,crowdingtogetherandzonationdistributionofmoderateandsmaIlearthquakes(orsourceofAE)arenormalphenomenon(Mei,etal,l993).However,itisnotreliabIetoidentifythecrowdingofmoderateandsmallearthquakesasforeshockofstrongearthquake.Someauthors(Yu,Li,l998,Wang,l999)studiedthemethodstofindtheprecursorinformationastojudgetheriskofstrongearthquakesfromthefiguresofspace-timeevoluti… 相似文献
123.
In this paper, the effects of thickness of AlN nucleation layer grown at high temperature on AlN epi-layer crystalline quality are investigated. Crack-free AlN samples with various nucleation thicknesses are grown on sapphire substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The AlN crystalline quality is analysed by transmission electron microscope and x-ray diffraction (XRD) rocking curves in both (002) and (102) planes. The surface profiles of nucleation layer with different thicknesses after in-situ annealing are also analysed by atomic force microscope. A critical nucleation thickness for realising high quality AlN films is found. When the nucleation thickness is above a certain value, the (102) XRD full width at half maximum (FWHM) of AlN bulk increases with nucleation thickness increasing, whereas the (002) XRD FWHM shows an opposite trend. These phenomena can be attributed to the characteristics of nucleation islands and the evolution of crystal grains during AlN main layer growth. 相似文献
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2014年春季华北两次降水过程的人工增雨催化数值模拟研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
在WRF中尺度模式中耦合了中国气象科学研究院发展的CAMS(Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences)云微物理方案,并在CAMS方案中增加了直接播撒冰晶(S1方案)和播撒碘化银催化剂(S2方案)两种云催化方案。利用此模式,对2014年我国华北干旱期间开展飞机增雨作业的两次降水过程(个例1:5月9~10日;个例2:5月10~11日)进行了云催化数值模拟研究,分析了催化对降水和云物理量场影响,对比了S1和S2方案催化效果的异同。结果表明,在云层适当部位播撒催化剂,两种催化方案均会达到增雨效果,催化会引起云中各水凝物的明显变化,并导致催化区域温度、垂直速度的变化。个例1中,S2方案的催化影响范围要大于S1方案,在播撒区下游地区,S2方案催化效果要强于S1方案;而个例2中两方案催化效果没有表现出显著差异。S1和S2方案的催化效果在不同个例中表现不同,其重要原因在于两种催化方案的催化机制差异以及云系动力条件、水汽条件的不同。通过采用适当的催化剂量,在其他催化设置条件相同的情况下,S1和S2方案可以取得相似的催化效果,但需注意由于二者催化机制的差异,在一些具体云系条件下,二者的催化效果会有一定差异。当实际人工增雨作业采用碘化银催化剂时,相应的催化模拟研究使用S2方案更为适合。 相似文献
128.
Myoung-Joo LEE Ki-Ho CHANG Gyun-Myoung PARK Jin-Yim JEONG Ha-Young YANG Ki-Deok JEONG Joo-Wan CHA Sung-Soo YUM Jae-Cheol NAM Kyungsik KIM Byung-Chul CHOI 《大气科学进展》2009,26(2):222-228
The snow enhancement experiments, carried out by injecting AgI and water vapor into orographically enhanced clouds (fog), have been conducted to confirm Li and Pitter’s forced condensation process in a natural situation. Nine ground-based experiments have been conducted at Daegwallyeong in the Taebaek Mountains for the easterly foggy days from January–February 2006. We then obtained the optimized condi- tions for the Daegwallyeong region as follows: the small seeding rate (1.04 g min-1) of AgI for the easte... 相似文献
129.
O. Popovicheva E. Kireeva N. Persiantseva T. Khokhlova N. Shonija V. Tishkova B. Demirdjian 《Atmospheric Research》2008,90(2-4):326-ICNAA07
More than 3000 water droplets with soot particles immersed were monitored individually to identify the effect of heterogeneous freezing and establish the link between soot properties and freezing efficiency. A set of soot samples from many combustion sources, including an aircraft engine combustor were examined. The list of key soot properties affecting freezing were determined. It appears that soot effectiveness in causing the droplets to freeze mainly depends on the soot behaviour in water defined by the mass density of soot agglomerates, size and wetting. When large mass particles were homogeneously distributed through droplets and were stable to sedimentation effects median freezing temperatures of such droplets were significantly warmer than pure water droplets. The long-term presence of large soot agglomerates in water leads to an increase in the freezing efficiency over time because of the slow kinetics of wetting. Small sizes of soot agglomerates stimulate aggregative instability in droplets with large soot mass which decreases the total soot surface area and the freezing temperature. The highest freezing efficiency is found for homogeneously distributed soot agglomerates of high porosity. A gradual increase of the freezing temperature in correspondence with number density of active oxygen-containing sites is observed for soots having surfaces of low or intermediate polarity. However, highly soluble surface compounds, such as sulfates, may be easily dissolved in water leading to a decrease in the potential freezing efficiency. This was the case found for aircraft engine combustor generated soot. Therefore relatively hydrophobic soot with a significant number of oxygen-containing functional groups but not covered totally by hydrophilic sites and soluble compounds is proposed to act as the most efficient immersion freezing nuclei in the atmospheric cloud droplets. 相似文献
130.
地震成核研究受到国内外地震学家的关注 .实验和理论研究表明 ,在地震前成核带内会发生准静态滑动 ( Ohnaka,1 992 ;Dodge,Beroza,1 995;Dodge et al.,1 996;Ohnaka,Kuwahara,1 990 ;Yamashita,Ohnaka,1 991 ) .地震成核过程是指在地震动态破裂前从准静态到准动态破裂的过渡过程 ,它本身就是一种短期前兆 ,直接前震是从准静态过渡到准动态成核过程中发生的局部动态失稳 ( Ohnaka,1 992 ) .最近的理论研究表明 ,可以将直接前震看作为伴随大地震的准静态成核过程的局部破裂 ( Shibazaki,Matsu′-ura,1 995) .因此 ,在成核过程中可能伴随… 相似文献