Measuring proton energies and fluxes using EIT (SOHO) CCD areas outside the solar disk images

An indirect proton flux measuring tool based on discrimination of the energy deposited by protons in 128 × 128 pixel EIT CCD areas outside the solar disk images is presented. Single pixel intensity events are converted into proton incident energy flux using modeled energy deposition curves for angles of incidence ±60° in four EIT spatial areas with different proton stopping power. The extracted proton flux is corrected for both the loss of one‐pixel events in the range of angles of incidence as well as for the contribution to the single pixel events resulting from scattered middle‐energy protons (low‐energy or high‐energy particles are stopped by the EIT components or pass through them, accordingly). A simple geometrical approach was found and applied to correct for a non‐unique relation between the proton‐associated CCD output signal and the incident proton energy. With this geometrical approximation four unique proton incident energy ranges were determined as 45–49, 145–154, 297–335, and 390–440 MeV. The indirect proton flux measuring tool has been tested by comparing Solar Energetic Particles (SEP) flux temporal profiles extracted from the EIT CCD frames and downloaded from the GOES database for the Bastille Day (BD) of 2000 July 14 and the more recent 2005 January 20 events. The SEP flux temporal profiles and proton spectra extracted from the EIT in the relatively narrow energy ranges between 45 and 440 MeV reported here are consistent with the related GOES profiles. The four additional EIT extracted ranges provide higher energy resolution of the SEP data. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

一个边缘耀斑(后)环系速度场的近似计算

利用“多云模型”方法,从云南天文台二维多波段太阳光谱仪观测到的Ｈβ光谱资料中导出１９８９年８月１７日太阳西边缘的一个大的耀斑环系不同时间的视向速度场．为了解释观测速度场的主要特征,本文采用如下假设和近似：环内物质在太阳重力、磁场应力和环内气压梯度力联合作用下由环足沿螺旋磁力线上升运动．应用ＭＨＤ理论计算了它的理论速度场．通过两者的比较发现,计算出的速度场与第一时段的观测速度场基本相似,这似乎对耀斑物质蒸发模型提供了支持．     

2018年青海人工增雨天气环流形势及作业条件统计分析

对2018年飞机人工增雨作业时的77个天气样本进行分析,以大气环流形势配合冷空气入侵青海的不同路径将人工增雨降水过程分为4种环流型：两槽一脊型、东高西低型、纬向环流型、横槽转竖型。作业云系以层状云和积层混合云为主;主要作业层风速在16 m·s^-1左右;作业层主导风向在230°~280°。雷达回波强度和雷达回波顶高在4种环流型中没有明显区别。卫星反演云顶高度中东高西低型云系平均发展较深厚,纬向环流型和横槽转竖型中云系发展较高但并不深厚;云顶温度最低在-40℃;最大光学厚度在13左右;过冷层厚度在2.7 km左右。云内微观条件中：有效粒子半径在13 μm左右;液水路径在东高西低型中较高在209 μm左右。     

J—A2500射频发生器及其维修

本文介绍J-A2500射频发生器的简单工作原理、调试方法和典型故障排除以及使用维修注意事项。     

催化对降水区域外效应的中尺度数值模拟

The Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5) has been used to investigate the extra-area effects of silver iodide (AgI) seeding on stratiform clouds performed at the supercooled layer.A bulk two-moment microphysical scheme and the new software package for silver iodide are incorporated in MM5.Extra conservation equations are applied to trace the seeding agent,which is transported along the flow field and interacts with the supercooled cloud fields.In this study,the model was run using three nested grids,with 3.3 km × 3.3 km horizontal resolution in the finest grid.The model results showed that seeding with AgI at the 5 to 15℃ levels had microphysical effects on the simulated clouds and that the simulation produced a longer-lasting seeding effect because of the transport of the seeding agent by upper-level winds.Most of the AgI particles acted as deposition nuclei,and the deposition nucleation process contributed mostly to additional cloud ice formation in this study.The results showed that more precipitation results from seeded than unseeded case,and the precipitation was redistributed downwind of the target.Augmented precipitation (varying from 5% to 25% downwind) was confined in space to within 250 km of the seeding target and in time to the 3-h period after initial seeding.     

机载碘化银发生器燃烧室残留物成分分析

通过对碘化银发生器残留物样本化学分析,残留物附着规律及其成因研究,最后提出了减少残留物的对策。     

层状云中飞机人工增雨作业间距的研究

利用数值试验方法, 设计了4 km, 8 km和20 km 三种飞机增雨播云间距方案, 研究了不同间距对有效区域的影响.从结果分析发现, 实际形成的播云线受水平风场输送作用, 与设计的航线产生了偏离; 不同播云间距形成的投影有效面积、有效作用时段不同, 其时空分布及投影有效面积所对应的地面位置也不尽相同.另外, 提出了增雨效益的数学表达式.效益分析表明, 在相同作业条件下, 8 km间距的增雨效益比20 km间距提高31%, 比4 km间距提高了23%, 4 km间距比20 km间距提高6%, 其物理原因主要是并合作用.最后, 针对交叉和平行播云方案, 提出了设计最佳播云间距的数学表达式.     

人工增雨降温机理的数值模拟研究: 对流云个例试验

为减轻夏季用电负荷,2004年我国许多省市实施了碘化银催化增雨降温作业。本文利用数值模拟方法讨论了强对流云(冰雹云)催化降温的机理。模拟结果表明,实施碘化银催化后,地面降雨量增加、降雹量减少、地面温度降低。催化使得云中冰晶、霰和雨水的含量增加,造成云雨蒸发、霰的融化(蒸发)及冰晶升华量增加,从而使空气温度降低。     

机载粉剂催化剂播撒设备的研制及其在奥运和残奥消云中的应用

人为引发的下沉气流可以抑制对流云的发展,这一现象已在试验中得到验证。用“人工下沉气流法”实施人工消云试验时,需在云顶大剂量的播撒粉剂催化剂。北京市人工影响天气办公室研制了能完成此类大剂量播撤任务的设备,并通过外场飞行试验对设备进行检验和改进。这是国内人工影响天气领域首个采用空投播撒法的粉剂催化剂播撤设备;可减少催化剂对飞机和播撤设备的污染。分析发现,新设备能够满足人工消云作业中播撒大剂量粉剂催化剂的需要。该设备在北京奥运会、残奥会开闭幕式当日的消云试验作业中投入使用,共实施消云飞行作业9架次,累计利用新设备播撒吸湿性粉剂催化剂34吨。     

一次人工增雨作业中CA—FCM与其他评估方案的比较研究

根据2002年4月5日河南省人工催化增雨作业数据,分别采用作业区域趋势对比双比分析评估方案、区域趋势相关回归评估方案、区域趋势协变量多元回归评估方案、FCM（浮动对比区历史回归）评估方案、以降水量为协变量的CA—FCM评估方案和以降水量与整层大气可降水量为协变量的CA—FCM评估方案进行效果评估。结果表明：协变量由降水量和整层大气降水量2个组成的CA—FCM方法,由于引入了不受催化影响的物理协变量作为控制因子．以及采用了聚类分析提高了对比区和影响区相关性,其评估效果最好,显著水平高于0．05;其他评估方法评估效果较差。