应用雷达数据产品初评飞机增雪早期催化效果

 应用新一代天气雷达数据资料,结合飞机定位播撒,在目标云体上截取一个作业区,同时在作业区两侧设立2个对比区,计算3个区域的雷达强度数值。随着雷达观测的继续,可以得到3条雷达强度随时间变化的曲线。对比分析3条曲线的变化趋势,初步得出：飞行播撒催化剂后,作业区、扩散区较上风方的自然区,雷达回波强度值有明显增强趋势。本文应用2007年12月26日的新一代天气雷达回波数据、雷达站上游气象探空以及人工增雪飞机播撒催化剂的航迹等资料,针对新疆冬季层状云的早期催化效果评估,作者设计了新的检验模式,进行了定量化计算。具体方法为：（1）在雷达的平显气象回波（PPI）上,截取一段飞机播撒催化剂航迹;（2）设定宽10 km的带状航迹为“播撒区”,代表播撒状态下云的演变;上风方宽10 km的区域为“对比区A”,代表自然状态下云的演变;下风方宽10 km的区域为“对比区B”,代表扩散状态下云的演变;（3）分别计算3个区域的雷达回波强度（dbz）总值。随着雷达观测的继续,可以得到雷达回波强度（dbz）随时间变化的3条曲线;（4）对比分析3条曲线的变化趋势,初步得出结论：人工增雪飞机进行播撒催化剂后,作业区及“对比区B”的回波强度总值,比“对比区A”的回波强度总值,有明显地增强趋势。     

层状云系催化增雨的中尺度模拟研究

利用PSU/NCAR中尺度模式MM5研究层状云碘化银催化后的区域外效应.在MM5中双参数显式云物理方案基础上,采用显式方法加入碘化银粒子的成核机制,建立碘化银粒子比含水量和数浓度预报方程.通过增加催化过程的程序模块,建立起一个中尺度人工催化系统.采用三重嵌套到3.3 km格距模拟了一次层状云系大范围降水,此个例-5℃到-10℃上碘化银催化试验结果表明碘化银在高空风的作用下向下风方输送并影响云内的微物理过程,碘化银持续作用时间为3h.大多数碘化银主要起凝华核作用,催化后冰晶增加主要靠凝华过程.催化后3h内在下风方区域80 km到240 km有10％～30％的增雨,出现催化区域外效应.     

高炮人工增雨催化区的探讨

在高炮人工增雨作业中,作业参数的选择和催化区的分布是一个重要问题。根据梯度输送理论,计算了人工增雨作业中单发和多发炮弹AgI最大扩散半径和时间。以不同AgI浓度阈值模拟分析了湍流扩散系数、方位角、仰角和风速对人工增雨炮弹催化区的影响,依据等角度作业思路,提出了高炮人工增雨迎风半圆多轮作业方案。     

一次CINRAD/SA雷达发射机功率偏低故障的分析及处理

发射机是CINRAD/SA雷达的重要组成部分,由于结构复杂,长期处于连续高压强电的工作状态,其故障率往往是几个分机系统中最高的,而且发射机系统的故障基本都是强迫整机瘫痪的"不可工作"级别的恶性故障,严重影响日常的观测业务.基于CINRAD/SA雷达发射功率一次异常的陡降现象,深入分析其原因,发现高频脉冲形成器的损坏导致脉冲宽度变小,脉冲信号的占空比也随之减小,从而引起发射功率的下降.同时,对故障源的查找、定位方法也做了详细的阐述.     

Preliminary Results of the Ground-Based Orographic Snow Enhancement Experiment for the Easterly Cold Fog （Cloud） at Daegwallyeong during the 2006 Winter

The snow enhancement experiments, carried out by injecting AgI and water vapor into orographically enhanced clouds (fog), have been conducted to confirm Li and Pitter’s forced condensation process in a natural situation. Nine ground-based experiments have been conducted at Daegwallyeong in the Taebaek Mountains for the easterly foggy days from January–February 2006. We then obtained the optimized condi- tions for the Daegwallyeong region as follows: the small seeding rate (1.04 g min-1) of AgI for the easte...     

2003年1 0月29～31日太阳耀斑对中国大陆电离层扰动的GPS监测与分析

利用“中国地壳运动观测网络”工程中28个GPS基准站和中国周边地区10个IGS站的GPS观测数据,研究了2003年10月29日～31日期间,X10级太阳耀斑引起的中国大陆电离层总电子含量(TEC)的变化特征,分析了本次太阳磁暴对我国不同地区电离层的影响。结果表明。太阳耀斑对中国大陆电离层的影响从29日中午10～1l时开始,其影响强度与纬度有关,纬度越低。影响越大。且自东向西移动。TEC最大值达到120TEC。峰值比正常情况下高40多个TECU;且下午电离层对耀斑的响应强烈。     

Narrower grid structure of artificial reef enhances initial survival of in situ settled coral

The initial factors that cause a decline in the survival of in situ settled corals remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated through field experiments that the design of artificial grid plates may influence the initial survival of Acropora corals, with narrower grids being the most effective. In fact, grid plates with a 2.5-cm mesh presented the highest recorded survival rate (14%) at 6 months after settlement (representing approximately 50 corals per 0.25 m² of plate). This is the first study where such high survival rates, matching those of cultures under aquarium conditions, were obtained in the field without using additional protective measures, such as guard nets against fish grazing after seeding. Therefore, our results provide a foundation for establishing new and effective coral restoration techniques for larval seeding, in parallel to clarifying the details of the early life stages of reef-building corals.     

Simulation of future climate scenarios with a weather generator

Numerous studies across multiple disciplines search for insights on the effects of climate change at local spatial scales and at fine time resolutions. This study presents an overall methodology of using a weather generator for downscaling an ensemble of climate model outputs. The downscaled predictions can explicitly include climate model uncertainty, which offers valuable information for making probabilistic inferences about climate impacts. The hourly weather generator that serves as the downscaling tool is briefly presented. The generator is designed to reproduce a set of meteorological variables that can serve as input to hydrological, ecological, geomorphological, and agricultural models. The generator is capable of reproducing a wide set of climate statistics over a range of temporal scales, from extremes, to low-frequency interannual variability; its performance for many climate variables and their statistics over different aggregation periods is highly satisfactory. The use of the weather generator in simulations of future climate scenarios, as inferred from climate models, is described in detail. Using a previously developed methodology based on a Bayesian approach, the stochastic downscaling procedure derives the frequency distribution functions of factors of change for several climate statistics from a multi-model ensemble of outputs of General Circulation Models. The factors of change are subsequently applied to the statistics derived from observations to re-evaluate the parameters of the weather generator. Using embedded causal and statistical relationships, the generator simulates future realizations of climate for a specific point location at the hourly scale. Uncertainties present in the climate model realizations and the multi-model ensemble predictions are discussed. An application of the weather generator in reproducing present (1961-2000) and forecasting future (2081-2100) climate conditions is illustrated for the location of Tucson (AZ). The stochastic downscaling is carried out using simulations of eight General Circulation Models adopted in the IPCC 4AR, A1B emission scenario.     

Geomagnetic solar flare effect on February 4 and 6，1986 at the china Antarctic Great wall Station

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PANDOROS高压发生器Jmax灯亮故障检修

本文分析了引发Ｊｍａｘ灯亮的三种原因。即Ｘ线管电流检测回路Ｒ３３电位计故障；ＫＶ参数值产生回路Ｖ２４管击穿故障，以及灯丝初级加热回路Ｖ２管软击穿故障，所以导致的高压发生器低电流保护，Ｊｍａｘ灯亮，不同的是前二项原因使曝光开始即刻Ｊｍａｘ灯亮。