Long-term denudation rates of actively uplifting hillcrests in the Boso Peninsula, Japan, estimated from depth profiling of in situ-produced cosmogenic Be and Al

Depth profiling of in situ-produced cosmogenic ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al was applied to estimate the rate of long-term denudation on actively uplifting hillcrests made of weakly consolidated sandstone in the Boso Peninsula, Japan. The nuclide concentration in the topmost meter of the hillcrest has reached an equilibrium value owing to surface denudation at 90 mm/kyr. This rate is much smaller than the regional uplift rate, and is consistent with the current isolated residual topography of the hillcrest. By considering the epoch of emergence of the sandstone hillcrests, we estimate the summit denudation rate of the adjacent mudstone hill formation to be 720 ± 110 mm/kyr.     

The Morphological and Optical Properties of Volcanic Glass: A Tool to Assess Density-induced Vertical Migration of Tephra in Sediment Cores

Volcanic ash layers in sediment cores are valuable geochronological markers in paleolimnological research. The composition of volcanic glass is related to identifiable, chronologically distinctive volcanic eruptions. Consequently, tephra layers provide time horizons allowing regional-scale correlations for lake sediments. Volcanic glass is often present in samples routinely prepared by paleolimnologists such as diatom slides and thin sections. Knowledge of the morphological and optical properties of volcanic glass allows for its identification. This is essential for the identification of ash layers that are not macroscopically visible or to track their vertical migration in soft organic sediments. The purposes of this note are to: (1) describe how the morphological (i.e., shape, vesicularity) and optical (i.e., refractive index and birefringence) properties can be used to identify volcanic glass in preparations from lake sediments; and (2) show how the quantification of volcanic glass from diatom slides is used to quantify the density-induced displacement of a 4.5 cm-thick Mazama ash-layer through organic sediments and to approximate its timing of initial deposition.     

光学对点器的对中原理及检校

从实践出发说明了采用光学对点器对中的过程，并从理论上证明了这一工作原理的正确性，最后介绍了常用的光学对点器检验与校郑的方法。     

用sPn震相计算震源深度的初步分析与应用

用近震震相sPn与Pn波的到时差测定壳内近震深度的方法简捷准确。本文对2004年3月24日内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗5.9级地震震中1 000 km范围内不同台站记录的sPn震相进行了初步分析,计算了该次地震的震源深度。还讨论了用sPn测定震源深度的可能性及该方法在日常工作中的应用问题。     

AN ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR CALCULATING THE INITIATION OF SEDIMENT MOTION

This paper presents an analytical solution for calculating the initiation of sediment motion and the risk of river bed movement. It thus deals with a fundamental problem in sediment transport, for which no complete analytical solution has yet been found. The analytical solution presented here is based on forces acting on a single grain in state of initiation of sediment motion. The previous procedures for calculating the initiation of sediment motion are complemented by an innovative combination of optical surface measurement technology for determining geometrical parameters and their statistical derivation as well as a novel approach for determining the turbulence effects of velocity fluctuations. This two aspects and the comparison of the solution functions presented here with the well known data and functions of different authors mainly differ the presented solution model for calculating the initiation of sediment motion from previous approaches. The defined values of required geometrical parameters are based on hydraulically laboratory tests with spheres. With this limitations the derivated solution functions permit the calculation of the effective critical transport parameters of a single grain, the calculation of averaged critical parameters for describing the state of initiation of sediment motion on the river bed, the calculation of the probability density of the effective critical velocity as well as the calculation of the risk of river bed movement. The main advantage of the presented model is the closed analytical solution from the equilibrium of forces on a single grain to the solution functions describing the initiation of sediment motion.     

结构函数法反演气溶胶光学厚度中像元的间隔设置

结构函数法气溶胶光学厚度反演精度受像元间隔设置影响很大,且并非所有像元都能获得较好的反演结果,因而研究像元间隔的设置能够提高反演精度,研究反演误差小的像元能够提高算法效率。为了获得最佳的像元间隔设置,本文以胶州湾地区为例,利用250 m和500 m两种分辨率数据计算了不同像元间隔时的结构函数值,分别利用单一像元间隔法、均值法、坡高法以及线性区域均值法获得待反演像元最终的结构函数值反演550 nm处的气溶胶光学厚度,并依据CE318观测数据进行精度验证,通过分析点对点反演结果和光学厚度的空间分布,确定反演误差小、受分辨率影响小的像元间隔设置。实验发现线性区域均值法在一定程度上提高了反演精度和稳定性。此外,通过对反演结果可接受像元的地表反射率结构函数值的统计和分析,发现500 m分辨率时可接受像元比例优于250 m,当地表反射率结构函数值大于0.02时反演结果较好,而这些像元往往分布在山麓、山涧、海岸线、河流、城乡结合部等地理要素的突然改变的地区。     

INDEX TO CONTENTS OF 2014 JMR

正~~     

Case study on microphysical properties of boundary layer mixed-phase cloud observed at Ny-Ålesund,Svalbard: Observed cloud microphysics and calculated optical properties on 9 June 2011

Cloud radiation interactions are important in the global climate system. However, an understanding of mixed-phase boundary layer clouds in the Arctic remains poor. During May–June 2011, ground-based in situ measurements were made at Zeppelin Station, operated by the Norwegian Polar Institute (altitude 474 m) in Ny-Ålesund (78.9°N, 11.9°E), Svalbard. The instruments used comprised a Cloud, Aerosol and Precipitation Spectrometer (CAPS), and a Cloud Particle Microscope imager. The CAPS incorporated a Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer and Cloud Imaging Probe (CIP). During the observation period, clouds associated with cyclonic disturbances and those associated with outbreaks of westerly cold air masses from the sea were observed. Atmospheric temperature during all measurements ranged from 0 to −5 °C. In every case, columns were the major type of ice particle measured by the CAPS–CIP. Cloud microphysical properties were observed continuously on 9 June 2011. Size spectra, liquid/ice water content, and particle effective size changed depending on progress stages. Based on the observed microphysics, optical properties were calculated and investigated. Optical properties were determined mainly by those of liquid water particles, even during periods when the relative contribution of ice particles to total water content was at the maximum. It was confirmed that the wavelength region of 1.6 and 2.2 μm can be used in remote sensing. This study shows that it is possible to measure detailed changes of cloud properties in the Arctic region by using instruments installed at a ground-based mountain station.     

地球内部应变与应力固体潮

本文详细介绍了地球内部应变和应力固体潮的计算理论,基于PREM地球模型计算了地球内部的Love数,并计算了地球内部的应力和应变的6个独立分量在不同深度和纬度处的时间变化序列.结果表明:应力潮汐的振幅达到10³Pa,应变潮汐振幅达到10^-8;不管应力或是应变潮汐,其振幅随深度的不同都有较大的变化;6个应力和应变分量对纬度依赖较大,但没有表现出南北纬度上的严格的对称性,与纬度的对应关系由引潮位展开的大地系数确定.本文结果可有效应用于地球内部应变或应力潮汐观测的固体潮改正;另外,将本文结果应用于研究潮汐触发地震问题,给出了中国中部地区的一个算例,结果表明地震断层正应力潮汐和应力张量第一不变量潮汐与发震时刻具有明显的相关性,而这种相关性并未在其他如剪切应力以及库伦破坏应力潮汐中表现出来.     

Optical remote sensing of submerged aquatic vegetation: Opportunities for shallow clearwater streams

Remote sensing has rarely been used as a tool to map and monitor submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in rivers, due to a combination of insufficient spatial resolution of available image data and strong attenuation of light in water through absorption and scattering. The latter process reduces the possibility to use spectral reflectance information to accurately classify submerged species. However, increasing availability of very high resolution (VHR) image data may enable the use of shape and texture features to help discriminate between species by taking an object based image analysis (OBIA) approach, and overcome some of the present limitations.This study aimed to investigate the possibility of using optical remote sensing for the detection and mapping of SAV. It firstly looked at the possibilities to discriminate submerged macrophyte species based on spectral information only. Reflectance spectra of three macrophyte species were measured in situ across a range of submergence depths. The results showed that water depth will be a limiting factor for the classification of species from remote sensing images. Only Spiked Water Milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) was indicated as spectrally distinct through ANOVA analysis, but subsequent Jeffries–Matusita distance analysis did not confirm this. In particular Water Crowfoot (Ranunculus fluitans) and Pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus) could not be discriminated at 95% significance level. Spectral separability of these two species was also not possible without the effect of an overlying water column.Secondly, the possibility to improve species discrimination, using spatial and textural information was investigated for the same SAV species. VHR image data was acquired with a Near Infrared (NIR) sensitive DSLR camera from four different heights including a telescopic pole and a Helikite UAS. The results show that shape and texture information can improve the detection of the spectrally similar Pondweed and Water Crowfoot from VHR image data. The best performing feature ‘length/width ratio of sub-objects’ was obtained through expert knowledge. All of the shape and texture based features performed better at species differentiation than the spectrally based features.In conclusion this study has shown that there is considerable potential for the combination of VHR data and OBIA to map SAV in shallow stream environments, which can benefit species monitoring and management.