Multi-temporal RADARSAT-2 polarimetric SAR for maize mapping supported by segmentations from high-resolution optical image

Due to its ability to penetrate the cloud, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has been a great resource for crop mapping. Previous research has verified the applicability of SAR imagery in object-oriented crop classification, however, speckle noise limits the generation of optimal segmentation. This paper proposed an innovative SAR-based maize mapping method supported by optical image, Gaofen-1 PMS, based segmentation, named as parcel-based SAR classification assisted by optical imagery-based segmentation (os-PSC). Polarimetric decomposition was applied to extract polarimetric parameters from multi-temporal RADARSAT-2 data. One Gaofen-1 image was then used for parcel extraction, which was the basic unit for SAR image analysis. The final step was a multi-step classification for final maize mapping including: the potential maize mask extraction, pure/mixed maize parcel division and an integrated maize map production. Results showed that the overall accuracy of the os-PSC method was 89.1%, higher than those of pixel-level classification and SAR-based segmentation methods. The comparison between optical- and SAR-based segmentation demonstrated that optical-based segmentation would be better at representing maize field boundaries than the SAR-based segmentation. Moreover, the parcel- and pixel-level integrated classification will be suitable for many agricultural systems with small landownership where inter-cropping is common. Through integrating advantages of the SAR and optical data, os-PSC shows promising potentials for crop mapping.     

利用地震台阵识别中深源远震sP和pP震相确定震源深度

震源深度是目前最难确定的震源参数之一,基于密集的近台观测数据可以准确确定近震震源深度,但对远震的震源深度无法较好地约束。远震反射波震相sP和pP包含用于确定震源深度的有效信息,理论上可以对远震的震源深度进行有效约束。将国内测震台站中台间距远小于震中距的区域台站作为台阵,通过互相关、震相对齐、波形叠加聚束等处理,可以提升sP和pP深度震相的信噪比。利用IASP91全球模型,根据震相走时差得到较为准确的震源深度。本文计算了2017—2020年M≥6.0的64个国外远震的震源深度。通过与GCMT、GFZ、USGS等机构给出的结果相比,验证了此方法得到的震源深度的可靠性。通过讨论破裂持续时间对pP震相识别的影响,得到此方法在矩震级6.0～8.5时,在不同深度上有较好的适用性。     

污染天气下成都城市热岛环流结构的数值模拟

本文利用中尺度模式WRF V3.9对2016年7月16日成都一次污染天气下的城市热岛环流个例进行了数值模拟,分析了城市热岛环流的三维结构及演变特征.并通过设计减少气溶胶光学厚度的敏感性试验,研究了污染对城市热岛环流的可能影响.结果表明:当地时间17∶00城市热岛环流开始形成.随着热岛强度增强,环流增强,城乡边界处的城市风锋不断向城市中心推进.19∶00热岛环流结构最显著.21∶00环流结构被破坏,仅低层存在微弱的乡村风.在热岛环流结构最显著时刻,近地面风场由郊区向城市辐合,地面以上2.0km处风场由城市向乡村辐散,辐散中心与辐合中心位置大致对应.此时城市风锋在城市处合并,环流的水平尺度约为城市尺度的2～2.5倍.当气溶胶光学厚度减小后,城市热岛环流尺度和强度以减小为主.特别是在热岛环流最显著时刻,低层乡村风风速减小,城市风锋最大上升速度降低,环流的水平尺度在西、南、北三个方向均减小,且高空回流高度降低.可能的影响机制是,气溶胶光学厚度减小后,净辐射通量增大,城乡地表能量通量差异增大,城市边界层高度升高.但城市边界层高度升高对城市热岛的抑制作用超过了城乡地表能量通量差异增加对城市热岛的增强作用,最终造成城市热岛减弱,环流减弱.     

利用接收函数探讨新疆几次中强地震的地壳孕育深度

在分析2009～2012年新疆地区的远震P波接收函数过程中,发现部分台站的接收函数中存在清晰且能量较强的壳内间断面转换波。本文分别利用接收函数中的壳内间断面和莫霍面转换波,联合接收函数H-κ叠加方法和时间窗滑动方法,分析了2009～2012年新疆6次中强地震震中周围的7个地震台站下方的地壳和上地壳(壳内间断面上方地壳)介质泊松比在地震前后随时间的动态变化情况。结果显示:乌苏、于田和独山子3个地震台站的地壳介质泊松比在对应的3次中强地震前后出现了较为明显且持续的下降过程,下降幅度大于均值误差,变化形态特征呈"V"字型(乌苏台呈双"V"字型),地震发生在"V"字形成的尾端,但其上地壳介质泊松比在地震前后没有出现明显低值异常变化;其他4个地震台站下方的地壳和上地壳介质泊松比在地震前后没有观测到明显低值异常。根据观测结果,推测3次中强地震前后地壳介质泊松比出现低值异常主要源于中下地壳,地壳孕育深度位于中下地壳。     

岭南山地气溶胶物理化学特征研究

对岭南山地收集的气溶胶样品的质量谱与水溶性离子成分谱的分析表明:总气溶胶质量与诸离子浓度大体在华南大陆的清洁点均值与大中城市均值之间,其分布主要表现为明显的三峰分布,分别位于巨粒子段,大粒子段与亚微米粒子段,主峰值位于巨粒子段。K 的分布最为特殊,仅仅在细粒子段位于0.065~1.1μm处表现为一个明显的峰。气溶胶中均以SO42-为主要阴离子成分,Ca2 为主要阳离子成分,较之华南乡村清洁对照点,除离子浓度成倍增加外,SO42-浓度占了阴离子含量的绝大部分。另外,NO3-、NH4 的含量比华南城市显著减少是其主要特点。在雨季无论是总浓度还是SO42-、Ca2 、Mg2 的浓度均比旱季时明显减少,与降水的清除过程有关。气溶胶中水溶性NH4 、K 、SO42-较多地存在于细粒态粒子中,它们的质量中值直径在旱季比广州大,在雨季略小于广州的情况;而F-、Ca2 、Cl-、Na 较多地存在于粗粒态粒子中。相对于华南土壤而言,旱季的大瑶山和白云山气溶胶中Mg2 、Ca2 有明显富集,SO42-也有一定程度的富集,雨季仅仅白云山上Mg2 有富集现象。通过离子中和情况的讨论,岭南山地气溶胶应呈酸性,对雨水酸化的缓冲能力较差,会加重该区的酸雨危害。     

大步长波场深度延拓的理论

波场延拓是地震偏移成像的基础. 快速进行目标区波场延拓对石油勘探中急需发展的深部地震勘探和无组合海量地震数据的成像有重要意义. 在目标区成像中,目前已有的波场延拓方法,包括基于走时计算的Dix方法和射线追踪方法,以及基于小步长波场递推的方法,在适应复杂介质、计算精度和计算效率的某一方面还不能完全满足实际需要. 本文提出一种基于“算子相位”李代数积分的快速计算延拓算子的方法,称为大步长波场延拓方法. 在该方法中,指向目标区的波场延拓算子象征的复相位被表示成波数的线性组合. 线性组合的系数是层速度函数及其导数的深度积分,计算和存储较为方便. 波场延拓算子通过相移算子加校正的方法,利用快速Fourier变换在空间域和波数域予以实现. 利用动力学等价关系导出了便于计算的表达式. 本文比较了算子主象征函数用一步法展开和用两步法展开的精度,从而说明大步长方法的精度要高于递推方法. 在横向和纵向线性变化介质中,将大步长方法的脉冲响应与递推法做了比较,说明大步长延拓算子的走时精度主要取决于相移因子中的横向变速校正项;且在各种近似下,大步长算子发生的频散都非常小.     

中国近海大气气溶胶的时间和地理分布特征

通过对中国近海10个航次气溶胶观测资料的统计分析得出:(1)从黄海、东海至日本以南海域气溶胶中地壳元素年平均浓度明显减小,在春季尘暴多发期间地壳元素浓度离到岸距离接指数规律递减.污染元素气溶胶浓度分布与陆源排放量和离岸距离有一定关系.(2)海上陆源气溶胶浓度的季节分布为:春季最大,秋冬次之,夏季最小.受日本排放源的影响,日本以南海域污染元素浓度最大值出现在冬季.(3)Se元素浓度与海洋源密切相关.海盐元素从黄海、东海至日本以南海域浓度逐渐增加,主要受周围海况影响,与风速呈现一定程度的正相关.影响近海气溶胶浓度的主要因素有陆源气溶胶排放量、降水分布和大尺度天气形势.     

The Great Dun Fell Experiment 1995: an overview

During March and April of 1995 a major international field project was conducted at the UMIST field station site on Great Dun Fell in Cumbria, Northern England. The hill cap cloud which frequently envelopes this site was used as a natural flow through reactor to examine the sensitivity of the cloud microphysics to the aerosol entering the cloud and also to investigate the effects of the cloud in changing the aerosol size distribution, chemical composition and associated optical properties. To investigate these processes, detailed measurements of the cloud water chemistry (including the chemistry of sulphur compounds, organic and inorganic oxidised nitrogen and ammonia), cloud microphysics and properties of the aerosol and trace gas concentrations upwind and downwind of the cap cloud were undertaken. It was found that the cloud droplet number was generally strongly correlated to aerosol number concentration, with up to 2000 activated droplets cm⁻³ being observed in the most polluted conditions. In such conditions it was inferred that hygroscopic organic compounds were important in the activation process. Often, the size distribution of the aerosol was substantially modified by the cloud processing, largely due to the aqueous phase oxidation of S(IV) to sulphate by hydrogen peroxide, but also through the uptake and fixing of gas phase nitric acid as nitrate, increasing the calculated optical scattering of the aerosol substantially (by up to 24%). New particle formation was also observed in the ultrafine aerosol mode (at about 5 nm) downwind of the cap cloud, particularly in conditions of low total aerosol surface area and in the presence of ammonia and HCl gases. This was seen to occur at night as well as during the day via a mechanism which is not yet understood. The implications of these results for parameterising aerosol growth in Global Climate Models are explored.     

小张庄近地面大气环境特性变化观测分析

根据１９９３年１０月,１９９５年５月和１９９７年４月在农业生态环境“全球５００佳”－安徽省颖上县小张庄（３４°４７′Ｎ,１１６°２３′Ｅ）所进行的近地面污染气体（ＳＯ２,Ｏ３,ＮＯｘ）和气溶胶的观测结果,给出了这些微量气体的浓度平均概况及随时间和季节变化的一些特征,这三次观测表明,小张庄大气环境质量是持续好的,地面Ｏ３浓度主要取决于地面总辐射强度控制下的光化学反应过程;小张庄大气气溶胶粒子９９％是     

The isothermal haze chamber with discontinuous flow: a new experimental device for CCN measurements at low supersaturation

An isothermal haze chamber (IHC) has been designed, incorporating results from the tests of earlier instruments held at the 1981 Reno (NV) workshop. This instrument, named isothermal haze chamber with discontinuous flow (IHCDF), periodically discontinues the flow through the haze chamber in order to form a well-defined region of 100% RH in the center of the chamber. Indeed, tests performed with our conventional continuous flow IHC showed a poorly defined 100% RH field in the chamber, mainly due to an unsteady laminar air flow through the chamber during measurement.Experiments with polydispersed NaCl aerosol showed that a supersaturation spectrum could be obtained within a growth time of 300 s, over a supersaturation range of 0.01–0.1%.The instrument is suitable for field use. It is contained in a package 1.4 m high and weighs 5 kg. Three minutes is required to collect the air sample and 5 min for drop growth, thus permitting the analysis of seven samples per hour.