Ecosystem functional assessment based on the “optical type” concept and self-similarity patterns: An application using MODIS-NDVI time series autocorrelation

Remote sensing (RS) time series are an excellent operative source for information about the land surface across several scales and different levels of landscape heterogeneity. Ustin and Gamon (2010) proposed the new concept of “optical types” (OT), meaning “optically distinguishable functional types”, as a way to better understand remote sensing signals related to the actual functional behavior of species that share common physiognomic forms but differ in functionality. Whereas the OT approach seems to be promising and consistent with ecological theory as a way to monitor vegetation derived from RS, it received little implementation.This work presents a method for implementing the OT concept for efficient monitoring of ecosystems based on RS time series. We propose relying on an ecosystem's repetitive pattern in the temporal domain (self-similarity) to assess its dynamics. Based on this approach, our main hypothesis is that distinct dynamics are intrinsic to a specific OT. Self-similarity level in the temporal domain within a broadleaf forest class was quantitatively assessed using the auto-correlation function (ACF), from statistical time series analysis. A vector comparison classification method, spectral angle mapper, and principal component analysis were used to identify general patterns related to forest dynamics. Phenological metrics derived from MODIS NDVI time series using the TIMESAT software, together with information from the National Forest Map were used to explain the different dynamics found.Results showed significant and highly stable self-similarity patterns in OTs that corresponded to forests under non-moisture-limited environments with an adaptation strategy based on a strong phenological synchrony with climate seasonality. These forests are characterized by dense closed canopy deciduous forests associated with high productivity and low biodiversity in terms of dominant species. Forests in transitional areas were associated with patterns of less temporal stability probably due to mixtures of different adaptation strategies (i.e., deciduous, marcescent and evergreen species) and higher functional diversity related to climate variability at long and short terms. A less distinct seasonality and even a double season appear in the OT of the broadleaf Mediterranean forest characterized by an open canopy dominated by evergreen-sclerophyllous formations. Within this forest, understory and overstory dynamics maximize functional diversity resulting in contrasting traits adapted to summer drought, winter frosts, and high precipitation variability.     

Analysis and evaluation of the global aerosol optical properties simulated by an online aerosol-coupled non-hydrostatic icosahedral atmospheric model

Aerosol optical properties are simulated using the Spectral Radiation Transport Model for Aerosol Species(SPRINTARS)coupled with the Non-hydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model(NICAM). The 3-year global mean all-sky aerosol optical thickness(AOT) at 550 nm, the ngstr m Exponent(AE) based on AOTs at 440 and 870 nm, and the single scattering albedo(SSA) at 550 nm are estimated at 0.123, 0.657 and 0.944, respectively. For each aerosol species, the mean AOT is within the range of the Aero Com models. Both the modeled all-sky and clear-sky results are compared with observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) and the Aerosol Robotic Network(AERONET). The simulated spatiotemporal distributions of all-sky AOTs can generally reproduce the MODIS retrievals, and the correlation and model skill can be slightly improved using the clear-sky results over most land regions. The differences between clear-sky and all-sky AOTs are larger over polluted regions. Compared with observations from AERONET, the modeled and observed all-sky AOTs and AEs are generally in reasonable agreement, whereas the SSA variation is not well captured. Although the spatiotemporal distributions of all-sky and clear-sky results are similar, the clear-sky results are generally better correlated with the observations. The clear-sky AOT and SSA are generally lower than the all-sky results, especially in those regions where the aerosol chemical composition is contributed to mostly by sulfate aerosol. The modeled clear-sky AE is larger than the all-sky AE over those regions dominated by hydrophilic aerosol, while the opposite is found over regions dominated by hydrophobic aerosol.     

风云二号卫星的冰云光学厚度反演偏差分析

冰云的微物理特性参数反演是云参数反演的难点和热点问题,目前风云二号(FY-2)卫星还没有相关的业务产品。考虑薄卷云覆盖在中低云上的两层云情况,采用六棱柱形状的冰云,在云相态识别基础上,利用FY-2 卫星观测数据,采用双通道算法反演冰云光学厚度。选取2013年8月的EOS/Terra和EOS/Aqua云参数产品对反演的FY-2云光学厚度精度进行比对分析。研究结果表明,联合FY-2的可见光通道和中波红外通道可反演冰云光学厚度。基于匹配得到的34个分析个例,FY-2反演的云光学厚度分布态势与EOS/ MODIS云产品相同,但FY-2云光学厚度反演值小于EOS/MODIS 云光学厚度产品值。FY-2 反演云光学厚度与EOS/MODIS云光学厚度产品的平均偏差为6.41,相关系数平均为0.92,线性拟合平均斜率为0.74。FY-2 与EOS/MODIS云光学厚度值偏差出现原因除了反演算法存在差异外,与反演所用数据的不同存在密切关系,基础观测数据越相近,FY-2 与EOS/MODIS云光学厚度反演结果的偏差越小。     

Variability in the structure of epiphytic assemblages of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica in relation to depth

The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the variability in the structure of the epiphytic assemblages of leaves and rhizomes of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica differed between depths at a large spatial scale. A hierarchical sampling design was used to compare epiphytic assemblages at two different depths (10 and 20 m) in terms of both species composition and abundance and patterns of spatial variability in the Tuscan Archipelago (North Western Mediterranean Sea, Italy). Results showed significant differences in the structure of assemblages on rhizomes and leaves at different depths. These differences were related to species composition and abundance; differences were not significant for total biomass, total percentage cover and percentage cover of animals and algae. Whereas the higher variability was observed among shoots in all the studied systems, patterns of spatial variability at the other spatial scales investigated differed between the two studied depths. Moreover, in the present study, analogous patterns between depths resulted for both the assemblages of leaves and rhizomes, suggesting that factors that change with depth can be responsible for the spatial variability of both the assemblages (leaves and rhizomes), and operate regardless of the microclimatic conditions and the structure of assemblages.     

Remote sensing of breaking wave phase speeds with application to non-linear depth inversions

A number of existing models for surface wave phase speeds (linear and non-linear, breaking and non-breaking waves) are reviewed and tested against phase speed data from a large-scale laboratory experiment. The results of these tests are utilized in the context of assessing the potential improvement gained by incorporating wave non-linearity in phase speed based depth inversions. The analysis is focused on the surf zone, where depth inversion accuracies are known to degrade significantly. The collected data includes very high-resolution remote sensing video and surface elevation records from fixed, in-situ wave gages. Wave phase speeds are extracted from the remote sensing data using a feature tracking technique, and local wave amplitudes are determined from the wave gage records and used for comparisons to non-linear phase speed models and for non-linear depth inversions. A series of five different regular wave conditions with a range of non-linearity and dispersion characteristics are analyzed and results show that a composite dispersion relation, which includes both non-linearity and dispersion effects, best matches the observed phase speeds across the domain and hence, improves surf zone depth estimation via depth inversions. Incorporating non-linearity into the phase speed model reduces errors to O(10%), which is a level previously found for depth inversions with small amplitude waves in intermediate water depths using linear dispersion. Considering the controlled conditions and extensive ground truth, this appears to be a practical limit for phase speed-based depth inversions. Finally, a phase speed sensitivity analysis is performed that indicates that typical nearshore sand bars should be resolvable using phase speed depth inversions. However, increasing wave steepness degrades the sensitivity of this inversion method.     

Universal algorithm for water depth refraction correction in through-water stereo remote sensing

In through-water stereo remote sensing, the correction of the effect of light refraction on water depth determination is an unsolved problem. The challenge is that no solution exists for apparent positions when the conjugate image rays are non-intersecting. This paper proposes a new water depth refraction correction algorithm for through-water stereo remote sensing. The midpoint of the shortest line segment between two non-intersecting conjugate image rays is used as the apparent position, so that the mathematical relationship between the apparent and actual depths is established under the “no solution condition”. The new algorithm is reasonable and applicable whether or not conjugate image rays are intersecting. Compared with the existing algorithms, the new algorithm can improve bathymetric accuracy in different degrees. The improvement becomes more significant as the off-nadir view angle difference and the depth increase. Results for Area 1 showed that, compared with the three existing algorithms, the new algorithm improved RMSE accuracy by about 22%, 29% and 24% respectively. The new algorithm enables reasonable water depth refraction correction to be implemented in any case (whether conjugate image rays are intersecting or not).     

地磁总场测量阵列对磁性目标定位的方法

提出了用地磁总场对磁性目标定位的方法.以远场磁偶极子原理构建了地磁总场的测量阵列,设计了阵列对目标的定位算法,求解中采用二重梯度算法消除了地磁总场随时间变化和空间分布不均匀对目标定位的影响.实验验证了这种二重梯度算法的有效性.利用MATHCAD对定位算法中的非线性方程组进行了仿真,采用LINGO软件求解了阵列方程组.在松花江沿岸某地,用光泵磁传感器阵列对航行中的目标船进行了定位实验,所测磁场数据曲线与理论曲线完全吻合,证明了定位算法物理模型的正确性.提出了改进的磁场梯度偏置定位算法,进一步提高了目标定位精度.实验证明了这种地磁总场目标定位方法的可行性.     

基于时空局域化dreamlet单程波算子的观测系统沉降法偏移

Dreamlet偏移成像目的是探索一类能够对地震波场和单程波传播算子同时分解和压缩的理论和方法,也即实现在压缩域的传播与成像、地震数据在时间和空间的非平稳性质,决定了要实现地震数据的有效稀疏表示,分解方法必须在时间和空间上同时具有局域化性质.Dreamlet由时间和空间局部分解原子的张量积构成,可以看作一种脉冲-小波束形式的波场分解原子.时空局域化的dreamlet单程波传播算子在对波场沿深度方向延拓时,地震数据在时间轴上总是向同一方向流动.随着深度的增加,部分用于成像浅层结构的数据归位至其空间位置后被dreamlet算子丢弃,波场的有效记录时间变短,每一步用于波场延拓的计算量也相应下降.为了充分发挥这一优势,本文介绍dreamlet传播算子与观测系统沉降法偏移相结合的理论与方法.观测系统沉降法偏移每一步都将记录到的所有数据向下延拓,沉降后的波场等效于把源和检波器都放置在目标深度所能接收的反射数据.Dreamlet观测系统沉降过程只保留用于成像观测系统下部地质结构的有效数据,自动丢弃已经用于成像观测系统上部而对下部成像没有贡献的信号.本文通过二维SEG/EAGE叠后和Marmousi叠前数据算例展示了dreamlet传播算子应用于观测系统沉降法偏移的这一特点.数值算例结果显示,在不影响成像质量的前提下,该偏移方法能够有效减少传播数据量,为发展一种快速高效的偏移方法提供了新的思路.     

渤海常见土类剪切波速与埋深关系分析

土层的剪切波速是岩土地震工程中重要的物理量,本文利用多年来在渤海海域地震安全性评价中积累的资料,研究了渤海常见土类剪切波速和埋深的关系。利用非线性最小二乘法,采用指数函数、一次函数、二次函数、幂函数、"幂函数+常数函数"、"幂函数+一次函数" 6种回归模型对各类土的剪切波速和埋深的关系进行了回归分析,以拟合优度以及最小二乘拟合的误差平方和为评价指标对比了各种模型拟合效果的优劣。结果表明,"幂函数+一次函数"回归模型的拟合效果最好。此外,本文给出了该海域常见的7类土在此回归模型下的拟合公式的系数,以供工程中参考。     

华北典型污染地区多轴差分吸收光谱技术的气溶胶反演研究

基于华北典型污染地区的地基多轴差分吸收光谱仪（MAX-DOAS）近4年的观测数据,利用最优估计算法和LIDORT辐射传输模式反演了该区域气溶胶的消光系数垂直廓线和光学厚度（AOD）.MAX-DOAS观测反演的AOD与全球气溶胶观测网络同波段在华北地区的AOD间具有很好的一致性,相关系数都在0.9以上,证明MAX-DOAS具备对华北污染区域气溶胶光学厚度和消光系数垂直廓线的反演能力.AOD的反演误差表现为冬季最大,春夏最小,早晚大于正午,这是因为冬季以及早晚太阳天顶角较大导致信噪比偏小,所以AOD反演误差偏大.反演廓线表明该区域气溶胶主要集中在1 km以下的边界层,浓度随高度呈指数递减,部分情况下峰值出现在300 m处;气溶胶光学厚度夏季最大,冬季最小,正午较大,早晚较小.在东风条件下浓度最高,表明东边（即重工业城市唐山方向）的输送对香河和周边区域的气溶胶积聚有重要贡献.