南京地区冬季大气冰核特征及其与气溶胶关系的研究

2011年11月15日～12月2日期间对南京地区近地面大气气溶胶和冰核进行了同步观测,综合分析了 冰核浓度的特征及其与气溶胶粒子浓度的关系。结果表明:活化温度T_a为-20℃,水面过饱和度为1%时,南京地区冰核浓度N_IN为0.352 L-1,与0.01～10 μm气溶胶数浓度比值仅为4×10-8。冰核活化温度越低,湿度越大,冰核浓度越高。雾和降雨对冰核都有明显的清除作用。对比不同气团对南京地区冰核的影响发现,偏东方向的污染气团中冰核以及气溶胶的浓度最高,但是来自西北地区的气团中冰核占气溶胶的比例最高,这可能是由于冰相核化能力较强的沙尘气溶胶导致的。分析冰核与不同粒径段气溶胶的相关性发现,较大粒径气溶胶的表面积浓度与冰核相关性更高,本文也得到了由活化温度T_a和粒径大于0.5 μm气溶胶数浓度N_{0.5～10 μm}共同计算冰核浓度的经验公式。     

2009年石家庄地区不同天气条件下大气气溶胶分布特征

利用2009年石家庄地区的4次机载PMS探测资料,对不同天气条件下大气气溶胶的数浓度、平均直径垂直分布和谱分布及一次晴天条件下的水平分布进行分析。结果表明：PCASP 探头探测的0.1-3.0 μm气溶胶粒子最大数浓度的量级为102-104 cm-3之间,平均值量级为102-103 cm-3之间,平均直径最大值介于0.225-0.717 μm,平均值介于0.148-0.167 μm。晴天条件下,气溶胶的数浓度随高度递减,直径随高度变化不大;逆温层底气溶胶明显积累,气溶胶浓度在大气边界层内明显高于其他层次;阴天轻雾情况下边界层内的气溶胶数浓度大于雨天和晴天,雨天气溶胶浓度最低;晴天气溶胶数浓度的水平分布不均匀;在云中气溶胶浓度明显下降,在云外气溶胶浓度较高。不同天气条件和晴天不同高度情况下,石家庄地区气溶胶谱型呈单峰分布,小于0.3 μm的细粒子对气溶胶的数浓度贡献最大,且随着高度的增加谱宽变窄。     

A high throughput geocomputing system for remote sensing quantitative retrieval and a case study

The quality and accuracy of remote sensing instruments have been improved significantly, however, rapid processing of large-scale remote sensing data becomes the bottleneck for remote sensing quantitative retrieval applications. The remote sensing quantitative retrieval is a data-intensive computation application, which is one of the research issues of high throughput computation. The remote sensing quantitative retrieval Grid workflow is a high-level core component of remote sensing Grid, which is used to support the modeling, reconstruction and implementation of large-scale complex applications of remote sensing science. In this paper, we intend to study middleware components of the remote sensing Grid – the dynamic Grid workflow based on the remote sensing quantitative retrieval application on Grid platform. We designed a novel architecture for the remote sensing Grid workflow. According to this architecture, we constructed the Remote Sensing Information Service Grid Node (RSSN) with Condor. We developed a graphic user interface (GUI) tools to compose remote sensing processing Grid workflows, and took the aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval as an example. The case study showed that significant improvement in the system performance could be achieved with this implementation. The results also give a perspective on the potential of applying Grid workflow practices to remote sensing quantitative retrieval problems using commodity class PCs.     

Orthorectification of VHR optical satellite data exploiting the geometric accuracy of TerraSAR-X data

Orthorectification of satellite data is one of the most important pre-processing steps for application oriented evaluations and for image data input into Geographic Information Systems. Although high- and very high-resolution optical data can be rectified without ground control points (GCPs) using an underlying digital elevation model (DEM) to positional root mean square errors (RMSEs) between 3 m and several hundred meters (depending on the satellite), there is still need for ground control with higher precision to reach lower RMSE values for the orthoimages. The very high geometric accuracy of geocoded data of the TerraSAR-X satellite has been shown in several investigations. This is due to the fact that the SAR antenna measures distances which are mainly dependent on the terrain height and the position of the satellite. The latter can be measured with high precision, whereas the satellite attitude need not be known exactly. If the used DEM is of high accuracy, the resulting geocoded SAR data are very precise in their geolocation. This precision can be exploited to improve the orientation knowledge and thereby the geometric accuracy of the rectified optical satellite data. The challenge is to match two kinds of image data, which exhibit very different geometric and radiometric properties. Simple correlation techniques do not work and the goal is to develop a robust method which works even for urban areas, including radar shadows, layover and foreshortening effects. First the optical data have to be rectified with the available interior and exterior orientation data or using rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs). From this approximation, the technique used is the measurement of small identical areas in the optical and radar images by automatic image matching, using a newly developed adapted mutual information procedure followed by an estimation of correction terms for the exterior orientation or the RPC coefficients. The matching areas are selected randomly from a regular grid covering the whole imagery. By adjustment calculations, parameters from falsely matched areas can be eliminated and optimal improvement parameters are found. The original optical data are orthorectified again using the delivered metadata together with these corrections and the available DEM. As proof of method the orthorectified data from IKONOS and ALOS-PRISM sensors are compared with conventional ground control information from high-precision orthoimage maps of the German Cartographic Survey. The results show that this method is robust, even for urban areas. Although the resulting RMSE values are in the order of 2-6 m, the advantage is that this result can be reached even for optical sensors which do not exhibit low RMSE values without using manual GCP measurements.     

Multi-view dense matching supported by triangular meshes

We present a new procedure to compute dense 3D point clouds from a sequential set of images. This procedure is considered as a second step of a three-step algorithm for 3D reconstruction from image sequences, whose first step consists of image orientation and the last step is shape reconstruction. We assume that the camera matrices as well as a sparse set of 3D points are available and we strive for obtaining a dense and reliable 3D point cloud. Three novel ideas are presented: (1) for sparse tracking and triangulation, the search space for correspondences is reduced to a line segment by means of known camera matrices and disparity ranges are provided by triangular meshes from the already available points; (2) triangular meshes from extended sets of points are used for dense matching, because these meshes help to reconstruct points in weakly textured areas and present a natural way to obtain subpixel accuracy; (3) two non-local optimization methods, namely, 1D dynamic programming along horizontal lines and semi-global optimization were employed for refinement of local results obtained from an arbitrary number of images. All methods were extensively tested on a benchmark data set and an infrared video sequence. Both visual and quantitative results demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm.     

基于ASTER影像的蚀变异常提取方法研究——以赞比亚谦比希铜矿床地区为例

基于赞比亚谦比希(Chambishi)铜矿带中的多种蚀变矿物及其在ASTER影像VNIR - SWIR谱带的特征光谱分析,采用相对波段吸收深度(Relative absorption- Band Depth,RBD)和波段比值的方法对蚀变信息进行增强处理.用波段比值ASTER 2/ASTER 1和ASTER 3的RBD...     

平面平行大气中偏振辐射传输的数值计算

利用离散纵坐标(DISORT)法的基本原理,开发了平面平行大气中偏振辐射传输的数值计算模型,并利用解析插值原理实现了对任意天顶方向散射斯托克斯参量的求解.为检验计算模型的可靠性,分别针对分子和气溶胶散射大气进行了数值模拟,并与Coulson等1960年、Garcia等1989年的计算结果进行了比较.结果表明,模型计算结...     

Refractive optical systems for astronomical instruments using infrared arrays in the 0.8 to 2.5 micron bands

As modern infrared arrays evolve towards larger formats and smaller pixel sizes, their use in instruments requires optics of increasingly higher performance. Refractive systems are attractive for many applications because they can accommodate wide fields of view or fast focal ratios while permitting a compact, unobscured layout. We examine design considerations for lenses which can address the entire near-infrared spectral region of 0.8 to 2.5 m. Achromatization over this broad range is a particular challenge. We discuss a systematic study of candidate materials and combinations of materials having useful chromatic properties, with particular emphasis on alkaline earth halides and metallic oxides. We present an example of a practical design being incorporated into an instrument currently under construction.     

光电粒子计数器测量气溶胶折射指数虚部

本文分析了光电粒子计数器测量结果对气溶胶折射指数的敏感度,讨论了它测量的粒子谱分布与折射指数虚部n_i的相关关系。根据光电粒子计数器测量的粒子谱分布对n_i敏感的特点,利用光电粒子计数器和太阳辐射计同时测量的结果,可以确定气溶胶的n_i。实际测量的n_i值与积分片方法测量结果对比表明,这个方法是令人满意的。     

τ-p深度偏移

本文介绍一种基于τ-P变换的新的叠后深度偏移方法。这一方法是在均匀介质条件下根据波动方程推导出的。其基本思想是:在τ-p域中,当波场分解为它的平面波成分时,改变其τ、p值,再通过τ-p反变换回到深度域中,从而完成了地下界面的偏移归位。 方法所需的计算时间基本是与完成τ-p正、反变换所需时间相同,是一种快速的偏移方法。它可用于任意形状的地下界面,甚至在强干扰背景的条件下,也能提高资料的信噪比和改善信号的连续性。这一方法是在深度域中进行τ-p变换,故它能适应速度存在纵、横变化的地区。为了论证本方法的效果,本文给出了不同的正演理论模型和偏移结果的例子。