一次高压型海雾中的液态含水量演变特征

2008年3月16—17日在粤西电白出现了一次在高压天气系统控制下的海雾过程。利用这次海雾的综合观测数据,分析了这一高压型海雾的液态含水量演变特征,讨论了液态含水量与雾滴平均直径和数密度以及气温、风速、湍流交换等的关系。结果显示:(1)海雾有发展-消散-再发展的准周期性变化特征;(2)海雾过程中的雾滴数有显著的变化,而雾滴平均直径的变化较小;雾滴数变化对海雾的发展、消散起主要作用;(3)在海雾生成和发展阶段,空气的冷却机制起主要作用;而在海雾的维持阶段冷却机制的作用并不明显;(4)在雾的生成阶段,弱湍流交换有利于雾的生成;而在雾的发展和维持阶段,湍流交换减弱,液态水增长,反之液态水减少。湍流交换的强、弱与海雾发展-消散-再发展的周期性变化有密切关系。     

Aerosol characteristics during winter fog at Agra,North India

Simultaneous measurements on physical, chemical and optical properties of aerosols over a tropical semi-arid location, Agra in north India, were undertaken during December 2004. The average concentration of total suspended particulates (TSP) increased by about 1.4 times during intense foggy/hazy days. Concentrations of SO₄ ²⁻, NO₃ ⁻, NH₄ ⁺ and Black Carbon (BC) aerosols increased by 4, 2, 3.5 and 1.7 times, respectively during that period. Aerosols were acidic during intense foggy/hazy days but the fog water showed alkaline nature, mainly due to the neutralizing capacity of NH₄ aerosols. Trajectory analyses showed that air masses were predominantly from NW direction, which might be responsible for transport of BC from distant and surrounding local sources. Diurnal variation of BC on all days showed a morning and an evening peak that were related to domestic cooking and vehicular emissions, apart from boundary layer changes. OPAC (Optical properties of aerosols and clouds) model was used to compute the optical properties of aerosols. Both OPAC-derived and observed aerosol optical depth (AOD) values showed spectral variation with high loadings in the short wavelengths (<1 μm). AOD value at 0.5 μm wavelength was significantly high during intense foggy/hazy days (1.22) than during clear sky or less foggy/hazy days (0.63). OPAC-derived Single scattering albedo (SSA) was 0.84 during the observational period, indicating significant contribution of absorbing aerosols. However, the BC mass fraction to TSP increased by only 1% during intense foggy/hazy days and thereby did not show any impact on SSA during that period. A large increase was observed in the shortwave (SW) atmospheric (ATM) forcing during intense foggy/hazy days (+75.8 W/m²) than that during clear sky or less foggy/hazy days (+38 W/m²), mainly due to increase in absorbing aerosols. Whereas SW forcing at surface (SUF) increased from −40 W/m² during clear sky or less foggy/hazy days to −76 W/m² during intense foggy/hazy days, mainly due to the scattering aerosols like SO₄ ^2-.     

Fog collection in the western Mediterranean basin (Valencia region, Spain)

Four different mountainous locations were selected in the Valencia region, East coast of the Iberian Peninsula, for fog water collection studies. Data for 2004 were obtained by means of an instrument ensemble consisting essentially of a passive cylindrical fog water collector, a raingauge, a wind direction and velocity sensor and a temperature and humidity probe. An approximate data reduction technique was also found for this specific ensemble to eliminate the simultaneous rain water component from the fog water measurements. Main results indicate that fog water collection holds significant potential in this region, and especially for southern locations. Annual rates of fog water yield can be as high as 7.0 l/m²/day in the southern locations, in contrast to 2.0 l/m²/day collected at one site in a northern location. The highest summer fog water yield was 4.6 l/m²/day, a relatively large value. Except for the summer period, fog episodes delivering sizeable water volumes are inherently coupled to rainfall. Hourly frequencies of fog collection were also examined to show a distinct daily cycle in summer, denoting orographic fog formation during this period. Lastly, winds were analysed to resolve the most suitable directions for fog collector alignment.     

京津塘高速公路雾气候特征与气象条件分析

利用1954-2002年的北京、天津和塘沽3站的雾日、雾发生时间以及气象观测资料,对京津塘高速公路沿线雾的气候特征以及气象条件进行了分析.结果发现,京津塘沿线多年平均雾日在15～19天.北京、天津两站的雾日年际变化一致.但在多年雾日变化上北京雾日数略呈逐年下降趋势,而天津、塘沽则略呈上升趋势.京津塘公路沿线雾多在凌晨到日出前后生成,在日出后逐渐消失.雾持续时间随时间变化呈指数递减.地面温度、相对湿度、风速等气象要素对京津塘高速公路沿线雾的预报具有较好的指示意义.地面温度在-5～5℃范围内、风速在0～4m·s-1和相对湿度在90%～100%范围里,雾极易发生.     

雾日期间边界层特性分析

利用常规观测资料、微波辐射仪和风廓线仪等资料对2007年10月25～27日期间雾天气过程进行分析。结果表明:(1)此次雾天气过程是在大的天气背景下形成的,高低空和地面形势均有利于雾形成和维持;(2)微波辐射仪反演产品可以清楚地看出高低空湿度的配置以及雾维持的机理;(3)进一步分析温湿特点可以看出,地面温度、2 000 m高度下的逆温厚度和最大强度变化与能见度、雾、浓雾、强浓雾之间的转换关系密切;雾出现对应地面降温幅度最大,雾期间有逆温(特别是贴地逆温);雾期间地面相对湿度均在83%以上,浓雾在90%以上,强浓雾在97%以上;雾刚生成并没有液态水,1 h后出现液态水,在天气系统接近前均是100 m高度上液态水含量最大;(4)雾期间边界层内600～700 m高度以下,水平风速比较小,在600 m高度上下水平风速切变很明显;(5)雾过程期间边界层维持微弱的上升和下沉运动。     

大连地区辐射雾与平流雾边界层温度场及风场对比

选取2008年3月和6月出现在大连及其沿海地区的辐射雾和平流雾过程,采用GTS1型数字式探空仪探测资料、能见度仪自动观测资料和常规观测资料,对其边界层温度场及风场结构特征进行了对比分析。结果表明,两种性质不同的大雾(辐射雾和平流雾)具有共同特征:都产生于纬向环流背景,中层东南暖湿气流为大雾的形成提供了充沛的水汽和热力条件。但两者存在明显的差异:底层东北风平流降温是辐射雾生成的重要条件,却造成了平流雾的消亡,底层东南风是平流雾生成的条件,却对应于辐射雾的消亡;辐射雾逆温厚而强,平流雾则为弱的逆温或无逆温;辐射雾生消演变对应于大气层结由稳定发展为不稳定,平流雾则对应于由不稳定趋于稳定。     

1969—2008年海南省雾的气候特征与变化趋势

利用海南省1969—2008年观测资料,对海南雾的时空分布气候特征及变化趋势进行分析,并利用观测的最低气温、相对湿度资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对海南雾日数变化的成因加以分析。结果表明,海南雾日数在中部山区出现最多,其次是北部地区,南半部沿海地区则极少有雾出现;雾主要出现在9月至翌年3月,年雾日数呈减少趋势;最低气温升高是引起雾日数减少的主要原因,雾日数的减少与相对湿度的减小也是一致的;秋冬和初春季节夜间气温低,有利于雾的形成;海拔越高的地区,气温越低,则生成的雾越多;雾日数显著偏多年份850hPa大陆高压偏弱,偏少年份偏强;雾日数显著偏多年份500hPa西太平洋副高强度偏弱,范围偏小,偏少年份则相反。     

2008年11月初大雾过程边界问题分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP1°×1°再分析资料对2008年11月初发生在中国东部的一场大雾的边缘区域进行诊断分析,结果表明:在雾区的边缘,能否成雾的因素除湿度、风速和逆温等基本条件外,近地面散度场与垂直风速对雾的形成也有相当重要的作用,其中低层辐合高层辐散区的边缘和雾区的边缘有较好的对应关系,950hPa上方的下沉速度能够阻止水汽的向上扩散,而越往上越大的上升速度意味着雾区的消散.     

济南市一次持续大雾过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料对2007年12月20-23日济南市一次持续大雾天气过程的大尺度天气背景、地面气压场、温度对数压力图以及单站气象要素进行了分析,结果表明:雾是在稳定的大气层结下出现的天气现象,根据大气稳定层结的状况及变化,可以判断大雾天气的有无及生消时间;近地面逆温和低空逆温同时存在,表明大气层结非常稳定,近地面逆温有利于近地面层水汽积累,低空逆温使近地面层水汽不易扩散而聚集,有利于近地面层维持潮湿,持续几天出现大雾;连续几天大气层结都处于稳定状态,地面风力很小,这些都限制了近地面层的水汽向外耗散,底层相对湿度较大,为大雾的形成提供了充沛的水汽条件.     

ADAFs, accretion discs and outbursts in compact binaries

I discuss the status of the soft X-ray transient model. First, I discuss and then compare with observations the assumption that the geometrically thin disc evaporates into an ADAF. Second, I address the problems created by the recent determinations of the distance to SS Cyg, according to which the disc instability model does not apply to this famous dwarf-nova, thus casting doubt on the application of this model to any system at all.