夜光云内小尺度重力波对冰晶粒径谱的影响规律研究

本文利用AIM卫星搭载的CIPS云图反照率和冰晶粒径数据,从中提取了2007/08南半球和2008年北半球共6489个小尺度重力波活动(波长5~150km范围)个例,对重力波区域与背景云层冰晶粒径谱进行对比分析,从而研究重力波对冰晶平均半径和谱宽的影响规律.结果表明,北半球重力波区域冰晶的平均半径和谱宽分别比背景云层小2.5nm和6.1nm,南半球则分别减小1.1nm和7.9nm.在随纬度的分布上,小于80°时,南北半球的平均半径扰动值均为负值,绝对值随纬度增大而减小,而大于80°时,负扰动转变为正扰动,且绝对值增加;谱宽扰动的绝对值也随着纬度增加而减小,但均为负值.在季节内随时间的分布上,南北半球重力波对冰晶平均半径和谱宽的扰动在始末阶段以负值为主,且绝对值较大,而在中期阶段正负值相当,且绝对值较小.这一特征与重力波引起冰晶粒径变化的振幅在纬度和时间上的分布趋势一致.重力波的波长均随纬度升高而减小,在季节的始末阶段较大,中期小,且南半球的平均波长和变化幅度都要明显大于北半球的,粒径扰动振幅随波长的变化率为南半球0.207nm·km-1,北半球的0.163nm·km-1.根据分析推断,重力波自身的扰动振幅应与其影响区域内的谱参数相对于背景云层的变化量有直接关系,且振幅越大,平均半径和谱宽的负扰动就越大.     

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An algorithm to detect tropical deep convective clouds through AMSU-B water vapor channels

An algorithm to detect tropical deep convective clouds and deep convective overshootings based on the measurements from the three water vapor channels (183.3GHz±1 GHz, 183.3GHz±3GHz and 183.3GHz±7GHz) of the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B) is presented. This algorithm is an improved version of the method of Hong et al. (2005). The proposed procedure is based on the statistical analysis of seven years'(2001-2007) measurements from AMSU-B on NOAA-16 From the 1-d histograms of the brightness temperature of the three water vapor channels and the 2-d tustograms of the brightness temperature dif-ference between these channels, new thresholds for brightness temperature differences and the brightness temperature of channel 18 (183.3 GHz±1 GHz) are suggested. The new algorithm is employed to investigate the mean distribution of tropical deep convective clouds and convective overshootings from 30°S to 30°N for the years 2001 to 2007. The major concentration of deep convective clouds and convective overshootings is found over the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), tropical Africa, South America, the Indian Ocean and Indonesia with an average fraction of 0.4%. In terms of these clouds we identify the secondary Intertropical Convergence Zone located in the eastern South Pacific and parallel to the main ITCZ in the North Pacific. The convective overshooting is more frequently observed over land than over the ocean.     

利用三维激光扫描技术检测建筑物平整度及垂直度

利用地面三维激光扫描仪对某建筑物进行全自动高精度立体扫描,获得目标建筑物表面的三维空间点云信息,经过研究分析提出了一种根据点云提取建筑物中心轴线的方法,采用随机采样一致性算法（RANSAC）拟合直线,并采用整体最小二乘算法拟合平面。通过分析拟合平面及拟合直线的几何特征来检测建筑物的平整度和垂直度,实测数据分析结果表明,三维激光扫描技术在建筑物立面平整度及垂直度检测中具有较高的可行性和适用性。     

基于 MODIS 和 CloudSat 的京津冀降水冰云季节分布特征

利用 2008 年 9 月~2016 年 8 月 Aqua MODIS 和 CloudSat 卫星数据,筛选出京津冀地区的降水 冰云,同时将其分为 4 个区域讨论,得到关于该地区降水冰云 4 个季节的分布特征,为该地区的人 工影响天气提供依据。结果表明：京津冀整个地区的降水冰云在夏季的发生率都较高,且发生率 有上升的趋势。从整个地区看来,京津冀地区的降水冰云的云顶高度在冬季最低、夏季最高,云顶 温度的最小值在冬季最高、夏季最低;京津冀地区的降水冰云在春夏秋 3 季均以单层云为主,而在 冬季则以双层云为主;京津冀地区的降水冰云的类型按春夏秋冬分别为 7 种、7 种、6 种和 5 种,且在 夏季该地区的降水冰云以深对流云为主（占 48.3%）,而其他季节以雨层云为主;京津冀地区降水冰 云微物理量（包括冰水含量、粒子数浓度、粒子有效半径）主要分布高度分别为 0~13.5 km（春季）、 3.5~17.0 km（夏季）、1.0~14.0 km（秋季）、0~11.0 km（冬季）。冰水含量、粒子有效半径和粒子数浓度 的分布高度和最大值均在夏季最高,但粒子有效半径在秋季最低,冰水含量和粒子数浓度在冬季 最低。这 3 种微物理量随高度的分布特征夏季在京津冀各分区较为一致,都呈单峰结构,在其他季 节差异较大。     

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On the growth of nitric and sulfuric acid aerosol particles under stratospheric conditions

We present a theory for the formation of frozen aerosol particles in the Antarctic stratosphere, the coldest region of the Earth's stratosphere. The theory is applied specifically to the formation of polar stratospheric clouds. We suggest that the condensed ices are composed primarily of nitric acid and water with small admixtures of other compounds such as H₂SO₄ and HCl in solid solution. Our assumed particle formation mechanism is in agreement with the magnitude and seasonal behavior of the optical extinctions observed in the winter polar stratosphere. Physical chemistry and thermodynamic considerations suggest that at temperatures between about 200 and 185 K, stratospheric particulates are composed primarily of frozen nitric acid solutions with a composition near that of the trihydrate. Available data suggest the particles are amorphous solid solutions and not in the crystalline hydrate form. At lower temperatures (i.e., below the forst point of pure water) cirrus-like ice clouds can form.     

单层不同类型云系统的特性及高云重叠的影响

通过时空匹配主动遥感产品（2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR）的云类型参数与被动遥感产品（Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System-Single Scanner Footprint: CERES-SSF）的云宏微观物理特性和大气层顶处辐射通量参数（2007/01~2010/12），本文在全球尺度上统计分析了不同类型单层云以及高云重叠的双层云的云特性和大气层顶云辐射强迫。尽管主动和被动卫星遥感产品相互独立，但被动遥感反演的云光学厚度和云相态等参数能够合理反映不同类型云之间的差异。不同类型单层云表现出的云特性差异能进一步影响大气层顶的辐射能量收支。本文通过对比不同类型单层云的Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System（CERES）视场样本数量随短波和长波云辐射强迫的分布，发现它们的高值区形状、位置和面积存在差异，反映了其各自独特的辐射特性。层积云的CERES视场样本数量密集区类似椭球结构，而其它云类型则趋于指数曲线结构。当进一步考虑高云重叠的影响时，统计结果表明:重叠的高云比高云单层状态有更蔽光和更厚的云体；高云重叠的底层云类型则比其单层状态有更透光和更薄的云体；高云重叠的双层云（除了高云重叠积云）对地气系统的净冷却效应要弱于其低层云类型单层状态。本文研究结果旨在加深理解云辐射反馈机制，并为改进模式中云重叠参数化方案提供一定观测依据。     

两种探空仪判别云垂直结构的对比研究

利用广东省阳江地区2010年7—8月WMO组织的国际高性能探空系统对比试验数据,对Vaisala RS92型探空仪和国产长峰探空仪的测云性能进行对比分析,并利用同步观测的Vaisala云高计和毫米波雷达数据进行了分析和验证。结果表明:两种探空仪判别的云层垂直结构都能较好地反映阳江的实际的云层情况。对于低云,两种探空仪的探测结果比较接近;对于不密实的云层,两种探空仪都会误判为多层云;对于高云,两种探空仪的判别效果均不理想,长峰探空仪还容易漏判云层。RS92探空仪探测的高云的云底和云顶的平均高度要高于长峰探空仪的探测结果。     

The effect of cirrus clouds on microwave limb radiances

This study presents and analyses the first simulations of microwave limb radiances with clouds. They are computed using the 1D unpolarized version of the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer System (ARTS). The study is meant to set a theoretical foundation for using microwave limb measurements for cloud monitoring. Information about clouds is required for the validation of climate models.Limb spectra are generated for the frequency bands of the Millimeter wave Acquisitions for Stratosphere/Troposphere Exchange Research (MASTER) instrument. For these simulations, the radiative transfer equation is solved using the Discrete Ordinate ITerative (DOIT) method, which is briefly described. Single scattering properties for the cloud particles are calculated using the T-matrix method.The impact of various cloud parameters is investigated. Simulated brightness temperatures most strongly depend on particle size, ice mass content and cloud altitude. The impact of particle shape is much smaller, but still significant. Increasing the ice mass content has a similar effect as increasing the particle size; this complicates the prediction of the impact of clouds on microwave radiances without exact knowledge of these cloud parameters.