特大地磁暴的一种行星际源:多重磁云

2001年3月31日观测到的大的多重磁云(Multi MC)事件造成了第23周太阳峰年(2000～2001)最大的地磁暴(Dst=-387nT). 通过分析ACE飞船的观测数据, 描述了这个多重磁云在1AU处的磁场和等离子体特征. 并且根据SOHO和GOES卫星的观测资料, 认证了它的太阳源. 在这次事件中, 由于多重磁云内部异常增强的南向磁场, 使之地磁效应变得更强, 它大大的延长了地磁暴的持续时间. 观测结果与理论分析表明, 多重磁云中子磁云的相互挤压使磁云内的磁场强度及其南向分量增强数倍, 从而加强了地磁效应. 因此, 研究认为多重磁云中子磁云之间的相互压缩是造成特大地磁暴的一种机制. 此外, 研究发现形成多重磁云的日冕物质抛射(CMEs)并不一定要来自同一太阳活动区.     

Star-forming region BBW 36 in puppis

Recent studies of the star formation region BBW 36 and associated molecular clouds are presented. The ¹²CO (1-0) observations, carried out with the 15-m SEST (Swedish-ESO) telescope (Cerro La Silla, Chile), revealed the existence of cloud a, connected with BBW 36 and of cloud b, having elongation in SE-NW direction. A red-shifted molecular outflow with velocity ∼+5 km/s (with respect to cloud a), having a direction parallel to the line of sight, was also observed. VLA observations showed the presence of a source VLA 2 at 3.6 cm with an elongation in the N-S direction. It is suggested that the VLA 2 source coincides with a dust disc (surrounding the object BBW 36). The star 3, which is one of the YSOs in the star-forming region BBW 36 and is connected with a bright comma-like nebula, can be the source of the molecular outflow. The star 3 has very high IR colors and is associated with an IRAS point source IRAS 07280-1829, which has IR colors, typical for an IRAS point source, connected with a water maser. On the 2MASS K image of BBW 36 we can see the existence of a bright nebula; a group of stars is embedded in that nebula, and among these stars there are stars with dust discs (or envelopes). On the 2MASS K image several spiral jets are also present, some of them with a condensation at the end. Published in Astrofizika, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 469–477 (August 2008).     

On the distance to the Ophiuchus star‐forming region

The Ophiuchus molecular cloud complex has produced in Lynds 1688 the richest known embedded cluster within ∼300 pc of the Sun. Unfortunately, distance estimates to the Oph complex vary by nearly ∼40% (∼120–165 pc). Here I calculate a new independent distance estimate of 135±8 pc to this benchmark star‐forming region based on Hipparcos trigonometric parallaxes to stars illuminating reflection nebulosity in close proximity to Lynds 1688. Combining this value with recent distance estimates from reddening studies suggests a consensus distance of 139±6 pc (4% error), situating it within ∼11 pc of the centroid of the ∼5 Myr old Upper Sco OB subgroup of Sco OB2 (145 pc). The velocity vectors for Oph and Upper Sco are statistically indistinguishable within ∼1 km s^–1 in each vector component. Both Oph and Upper Sco have negligible motion (<1 km s^–1) in the Galactic vertical direction with respect to the Local Standard of Rest, which is inconsistent with the young stellar groups having formed via the high velocity cloud impact scenario. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Revealing the “fingerprints” of the magnetic precursor of C-shocks

We present the first C-shock and radiative transfer model that calculates the evolution of the line profiles of neutral and ion species like SiO, H¹³CO⁺ and HN¹³C for different flow times along the propagation of the shock through the unperturbed gas. We find that the line profiles of SiO characteristic of the magnetic precursor stage have very narrow linewidths and are centered at velocities close to the ambient cloud velocity, as observed toward the young shocks in the L1448-mm outflow. Consistently with previous works, our model also reproduces the broad SiO emission detected in the high velocity gas in this outflow, for the downstream postshock gas in the shock. This implies that the different velocity components observed in L1448-mm are due to the coexistence of different shocks at different evolutionary stages.     

Estimating land-surface temperature under clouds using MSG/SEVIRI observations

The retrieval of land-surface temperature (LST) from thermal infrared satellite sensor observations is known to suffer from cloud contamination. Hence few studies focus on LST retrieval under cloudy conditions. In this paper a temporal neighboring-pixel approach is presented that reconstructs the diurnal cycle of LST by exploiting the temporal domain offered by geo-stationary satellite observations (i.e. MSG/SEVIRI), and yields LST estimates even for overcast moments when satellite sensor can only record cloud-top temperatures. Contrasting to the neighboring pixel approach as presented by Jin and Dickinson (2002), our approach naturally satisfies all sorts of spatial homogeneity assumptions and is hence more suited for earth surfaces characterized by scattered land-use practices. Validation is performed against in situ measurements of infrared land-surface temperature obtained at two validation sites in Africa. Results vary and show a bias of −3.68 K and a RMSE of 5.55 K for the validation site in Kenya, while results obtained over the site in Burkina Faso are more encouraging with a bias of 0.37 K and RMSE of 5.11 K. Error analysis reveals that uncertainty of the estimation of cloudy sky LST is attributed to errors in estimation of the underlying clear sky LST, all-sky global radiation, and inaccuracies inherent to the ‘neighboring pixel’ scheme itself. An error propagation model applied for the proposed temporal neighboring-pixel approach reveals that the absolute error of the obtained cloudy sky LST is less than 1.5 K in the best case scenario, and the uncertainty increases linearly with the absolute error of clear sky LST. Despite this uncertainty, the proposed method is practical for retrieving the LST under a cloudy sky condition, and it is promising to reconstruct diurnal LST cycles from geo-stationary satellite observations.     

华北地区一次积层混合云降水的数值模拟研究

利用WRF ARW中尺度数值模式对2009年4月18日华北地区的一次积层混合云系降水进行模拟。首先,对实况的天气形势和雷达反射率及垂直剖面进行分析;并通过垂直剖面对其流场结构概念图进行分析;然后,通过对比,模拟的自然降水分布与实测结果基本一致,模拟的雷达组合反射率和雷达反射率的垂直剖面与实测结果也基本一致;通过分析云中各要素的分布,了解了积层混合云系的微物理特征和动力特征;最后对积层混合云降水机制进行探讨。结果表明：积层混合云水凝物含水量分布不均匀,对流云和层状云相互粘连跨接,水平方向充分混合,雨水的大值中心、云水的大值中心及冰晶的大值区相互对应,存在播撒-供给机制。从动力场来看,在低层对流云区域垂直上升速度较大,高层对流云区域的旁侧有较明显的下沉气流,云区低层存在辐合,高层存在辐散,此种配置有利于维持云系的发展。积层混合云不仅在层状云区有层状云的简单的＂播撒-供给＂机制,或在积状云区有粒子群的循环增长机制,而且可以发生层云—积云间的粒子群交换。     

基于多源数据的拼接型房屋三维重建方法研究

提出了结合房屋矢量数据、航空影像和点云数据的拼接型房屋(由平顶房、人字型和四坡型房屋组成)自动三维重建算法。算法重点研究了基于点云数据和影像特征提取的拼接型房屋屋脊线检测,并利用其对拼接型房屋组成的模型进行拆分;对于人字型和四坡型房屋组成模型,结合矢量数据和屋脊线,利用几何约束条件自动寻找房屋组成模型的屋檐线,从而获得拼接型房屋组成模型的完整分割;最后通过点云数据的屋顶平面解算其组成房屋模型的参数,最终实现整个拼接型房屋的三维重建。实验数据证明,该方法能较好地实现拼接型房屋的几何模型自动重建。     

南海季风爆发期间中尺度对流云带演变特征与持续性加强的机理研究

南海季风爆发与随后爆发的东亚季风,与夏季东亚地区旱涝关系密切,而相伴的南海对流活动与季风爆发的维持和发展存在何种相互关系,是需要探究的.为此,利用热带测雨卫星(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,TRMM)的雷达(Precipitation Radar,PR)、微波成像仪(TRMM ...     

Comparative analysis of measurements of stratospheric aerosol by lidar and aerosol sonde above Ny-Ålesund in the winter of 1995 [Comparative analysis of lidar and OPC observations]

Solid polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) layers observed by lidar and a balloon-borne optical particle counter (OPC) on 17 December 1995 are reexamined in a comparative analysis framework. The typical radius of solid particles in the observed PSC is determined through the comparative analysis to have been approximately 2.3 μm. A backward trajectory analysis for the air mass in which the solid particles were observed shows that the air mass had experienced temperatures 2–3 K below the frost point of nitric acid tri-hydrate (NAT) during the 4 days preceding the observations. The back-trajectory analysis traces the air mass back to northern Greenland and Ellesmere Island on 16 December, one day before the observations. A microphysical box model is used to investigate possible mechanisms of formation for the observed solid particles. The results of this model suggest that the solid particles formed under mesoscale temperature fluctuations associated with mountain lee wave activity induced by the relatively high terrestrial elevations of northern Greenland and Ellesmere Island.     

Effects of Clouds and Aerosols on Surface Radiation Budget Inferred from DOE AMF at Shouxian, China

Based on data collected during the first U.S.Department of Energy(DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement(ARM) field campaigns at Shouxian,eastern China in 2008,the effects of clouds and aerosols on the surface radiation budget during the period October-December 2008 were studied.The results revealed that the largest longwave(LW),shortwave(SW),and net Aerosol Radiative Effects(AREs) are 12.7,-37.6,and-24.9 W m-2,indicating that aerosols have LW warming impact,a strong SW cooling effect,and a net cooling effect on the surface radiation budget at Shouxian during the study period 15 October-15 December 2008.The SW cloud radiative forcing(CRF) is-135.1 W m-2,much cooler than ARE(about 3.6 times),however,the LW CRF is 43.6 W m-2,much warmer than ARE,and resulting in a net CRF of-91.5 W m-2,about 3.7 times of net ARE.These results suggest that the clouds have much stronger LW warming effect and SW cooling effect on the surface radiation budget than AREs.The net surface radiation budget is dominated by SW cooling effect for both ARE and CRF.Furthermore,the precipitatable clouds(PCs) have the largest SW cooling effect and LW warming effect,while optically thin high clouds have the smallest cooling effect and LW warming on the surface radiation budget.Comparing the two selected caseds,CloudSat cloud radar reflectivity agrees very well with the AMF(ARM Mobile Facility) WACR(W-band ARM Cloud Radar) measurements,particularly for cirrus cloud case.These result will provide a ground truth to validate the model simulations in the future.