华北地区一次积层混合云降水的数值模拟研究

利用WRF ARW中尺度数值模式对2009年4月18日华北地区的一次积层混合云系降水进行模拟。首先,对实况的天气形势和雷达反射率及垂直剖面进行分析;并通过垂直剖面对其流场结构概念图进行分析;然后,通过对比,模拟的自然降水分布与实测结果基本一致,模拟的雷达组合反射率和雷达反射率的垂直剖面与实测结果也基本一致;通过分析云中各要素的分布,了解了积层混合云系的微物理特征和动力特征;最后对积层混合云降水机制进行探讨。结果表明：积层混合云水凝物含水量分布不均匀,对流云和层状云相互粘连跨接,水平方向充分混合,雨水的大值中心、云水的大值中心及冰晶的大值区相互对应,存在播撒-供给机制。从动力场来看,在低层对流云区域垂直上升速度较大,高层对流云区域的旁侧有较明显的下沉气流,云区低层存在辐合,高层存在辐散,此种配置有利于维持云系的发展。积层混合云不仅在层状云区有层状云的简单的＂播撒-供给＂机制,或在积状云区有粒子群的循环增长机制,而且可以发生层云—积云间的粒子群交换。     

Estimates of the accuracy of vertically extrapolated forecast errors: Isobaric height and temperature

Abstract

Study of vertical extrapolations of the errors in forecast values of pressure‐level heights and temperatures indicates that they do not provide accurate off‐level information. Indeed it appears that, above 850 mb, forecast errors interpolated from observed 1000‐mb values are less accurate than level‐specific monthly mean differences. These results suggest that the de facto function of vertically interpolated single‐level forecast errors, in numerical forecast model updating, is the provision of vertical consistency rather than the injection of time‐specific information – except at the level of observation.     

Cloud Microphysical Budget Associated with Torrential Rainfall During the Landfall of Severe Tropical Storm Bilis (2006)

Effects of vertical wind shear, radiation, and ice clouds on cloud microphysical budget associated with torrential rainfall during landfall of severe tropical storm Bilis (2006) are investigated by using a series of analysis of two-day grid-scale sensitivity experiment data. When upper-tropospheric upward motions and lower-tropospheric downward motions occur on 15 July 2006, the removal of vertical wind shear and ice clouds increases rainfall contributions from the rainfall type (CM) associated with positive net condensation and hydrometeor loss/convergence, whereas the exclusion of cloud radiative effects and cloud-radiation interaction reduces rainfall contribution from CM. The elimination of vertical wind shear and cloud-radiation interaction increases rainfall contribution from the rainfall type (Cm) associated with positive net condensation and hydrometeor gain/divergence, but the removal of cloud radiative effects and ice clouds decreases rainfall contribution from Cm. The enhancements in rainfall contribution from the rainfall type (cM) associated with negative net condensation and hydrometeor loss/convergence are caused by the exclusion of cloud radiative effects, cloud-radiation interaction and ice clouds, whereas the reduction in rainfall contribution from cM results from the removal of vertical wind shear. When upward motions appear throughout the troposphere on 16 July, the exclusion of all these effects increases rainfall contribution from CM, but generally decreases rainfall contributions from Cm and cM.     

Observational Characteristics of Cloud Vertical Profiles over the Continent of East Asia from the CloudSat Data

The CloudSat satellite data from June 2006 to April 2011 are used to investigate the characteristics of cloud vertical profiles over East Asia(20°-50°N,80°-120°E),with particular emphasis on the profiles of precipitative clouds in comparison with those of nonprecipitative clouds,as well as the seasonal variations of these profiles.There are some obvious differences between the precipitative and nonprecipitative cloud profiles.Generally,precipitative clouds mainly locate below 8 km with radar reflectivity in the range of-20 to 15 dBZ and maximum values appearing within 2-4-km height,and the clouds usually reach the ground;while nonprecipitative clouds locate in the layers of 4-12 km with radar reflectivity between-28 and 0 dBZ and maximum values within 8-10-km height.There are also some differences among the liquid precipitative,solid precipitative,and possible drizzle precipitative cloud profiles.In precipitative clouds,radar reflectivity increases rapidly from 11 to 7 km in vertical,implying that condensation and collision-coalescence processes play a crucial role in the formation of large-size drops.The frequency distribution of temperature at-15℃ is consistent with the highest frequency of radar reflectivity in solid precipitative clouds,which suggests that the temperatures near-15℃ are conductive to deposition and accretion processes.The vertical profiles of liquid precipitative clouds show almost the same distributions in spring,summer,and autumn but with differences in winter at mainly lower levels.In contrast,the vertical profiles of solid precipitative clouds change from spring to winter with an alternate double and single high-frequency core,which is consistent with variations of the frequency distribution of temperature at-15℃.The vertical profiles of nonprecipitative clouds show a little change with season.The observations also show that the precipitation events over East Asia are mostly related to deep convective clouds and nimbostratus clouds.These results are expected to be useful for evaluation of weather and climate models and for improvement of microphysical parameterizations in numerical models.     

Effects of Clouds and Aerosols on Surface Radiation Budget Inferred from DOE AMF at Shouxian, China

Based on data collected during the first U.S.Department of Energy(DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement(ARM) field campaigns at Shouxian,eastern China in 2008,the effects of clouds and aerosols on the surface radiation budget during the period October-December 2008 were studied.The results revealed that the largest longwave(LW),shortwave(SW),and net Aerosol Radiative Effects(AREs) are 12.7,-37.6,and-24.9 W m-2,indicating that aerosols have LW warming impact,a strong SW cooling effect,and a net cooling effect on the surface radiation budget at Shouxian during the study period 15 October-15 December 2008.The SW cloud radiative forcing(CRF) is-135.1 W m-2,much cooler than ARE(about 3.6 times),however,the LW CRF is 43.6 W m-2,much warmer than ARE,and resulting in a net CRF of-91.5 W m-2,about 3.7 times of net ARE.These results suggest that the clouds have much stronger LW warming effect and SW cooling effect on the surface radiation budget than AREs.The net surface radiation budget is dominated by SW cooling effect for both ARE and CRF.Furthermore,the precipitatable clouds(PCs) have the largest SW cooling effect and LW warming effect,while optically thin high clouds have the smallest cooling effect and LW warming on the surface radiation budget.Comparing the two selected caseds,CloudSat cloud radar reflectivity agrees very well with the AMF(ARM Mobile Facility) WACR(W-band ARM Cloud Radar) measurements,particularly for cirrus cloud case.These result will provide a ground truth to validate the model simulations in the future.     

一次山地积云并合扩展层化过程的数值模拟

因复杂地形下热力和动力抬升对近地面空气的扰动作用,贵州地区容易形成内部嵌有许多小对流单体的积层混合云.选取2005年5月29日发生在贵州省的一次积层混合云降水个例进行分析,并利用WRF模式模拟该云系的生成、发展过程.结果表明:积层混合云由积云并合扩展层化形成,其发展过程经历三个典型的并合阶段.云系的降水特点是降水范围很大,分布不均匀,雨区中存在多个强降水中心,降水量累计最大值可达60 mm,且强降水中心与云中小对流单体的位置对应;积层混合云形成过程中,地面产生强降水的最终原因是,云并合过程中释放的不稳定能量改变了云中的气流场和含水量场.     

地面激光扫描多站点云整体定向平差模型

为了一次性解算多站地面扫描点云坐标转换参数,将各站点云坐标转换成工程测量指定坐标,提出基于光束法区域网平差的数学模型。以扫描站射向标靶中心的光束为单元建立平差方程,并将基于罗德里格矩阵的坐标转换方程作为平差的基础方程;单光束列立附有未知数的条件方程,公共标靶上相交的光束列立附有限制条件的方程。根据观测值选择的不同,可将数学模型分为六种。以“假设指定坐标无误差,扫描坐标为有误差的观测值”的数学模型进行多站点云定向实验,结果表明其外部符合精度达到厘米级,精度明显高于独立模型法;扫描坐标经转换后,能满足1:500地形图测量精度。     

遥感影像低秩信息的矩阵填充复原方法

提出一种基于矩阵填充的遥感低秩信息复原方法,通过"确定性采样"与"热启动技术",利用奇异值阈值迭代收缩算子进行了椒盐噪声去除与去厚云修复试验.试验表明,本文方法对于因污染或遮挡等原因造成的信息缺损问题的复原效果占优,其在信息复原的同时能较好地保留细节纹理信息并保持图像结构的连贯性.此法可用于遥感影像椒盐类孤立的点状噪声去除与厚云修复复原中,尤其是当影像矩阵具备区域结构内容相似性及纹理规则等低秩特征时,这种复原效果更佳.     

Observation and Simulation of Abnormal Transmittance over Yangbajing,Tibet

Defining abnormal transmittance as the case where the magnitude of the shortwave flux transmittance is greater than 1.0, the authors used surface solar irradi- ance and all-sky images obtained at the Yangbajing site in Tibet to analyze the reasons for the occurrence of abnor- mal shortwave flux transmittance. Based on the Interna- tional Intercomparision of Three-Dimensional Radiation Code （I3RC） Monte Carlo community model of three-dimensional radiative transfer, the authors also per- formed simulations at a nonabsorbing wavelength and an absorbing wavelength through a stratocumulus and a cu- mulus field. The results showed the detection of abnormal transmittance on more than half the days, and the maxi- mum transmittance was 1.34. The probability of the oc- currence of abnormal transmittance appeared to be largest in summer, and on a daily basis was mainly at about noon local time. Abnormal transmittance mainly appeared when clear sky and clouds co-existed, especially at the edges of broken clouds and nearby regions with clear-sky conditions. The flux transmittance decreased as the solar zenith angle increased.     

Effects of Doubled Carbon Dioxide on Rainfall Responses to Radiative Processes of Water Clouds

The effects of doubled carbon dioxide on rainfall responses to radiative processes of water clouds are investigated in this study. The two groups of two-dimensional cloud-resolving model sensitivity experiments in pre-summer heavy rainfall around the summer solstice and tropical rainfall around the winter solstice are conducted and their averages over 5 days and model domain are analyzed. In the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds, doubled carbon dioxide changes pre-summer rainfall from the decrease associated with the enhanced atmospheric cooling to the increase associated with the enhanced infrared cooling as a result of the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds. Doubled carbon dioxide leads to the reduction in tropical rainfall caused by the removal of radiative effects of water clouds through the suppressed infrared cooling. In the absence of radiative effects of ice clouds, doubled carbon dioxide changes pre-summer rainfall from the increase associated with the increased atmospheric warming to the decrease associated with the weakened release of latent heat caused by the elimination of radiative effects of water clouds. The exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds increases tropical rainfall through the strengthened infrared cooling, which is insensitive to the change in carbon dioxide.