华山云海的变化特征以及与气象要素的关系

用华山气象站1985—2014年气象要素资料,分析近30 a华山云海的变化及云海与降水、相对湿度、风速的关系。结果表明,华山年平均云海日为26.27 d,最多年份72 d,最少年份仅3 d;面积200 km~2云海年平均日数24.23 d;面积≥200 km~2云海平均日数2.87 d,最多有20 d (1985、1994年),最少有2 d(1997年),1997年后再没有面积≥200 km~2的云海出现。云海的出现呈逐年下降的趋势,年际差异明显。秋季云海出现日数最多(平均云海日数8.13 d),冬季最少(平均4.60 d);各月的云海日数8月最多,5月最少。面积≥200 km~2云海冬季出现日数最多,夏季最少;11月出现最多,3、12月次之,5月最少。面积≥200 km~2云海出现的前一天或当天一般都有降水,两天中至少有一天出现降水的几率是84.30%;平均相对湿度≥70%时,较易形成云海;云海日出现时常伴有风,但总体风速不大,通常≤10.0 m·s~(-1),利于云海的形成保持。     

北疆降雹云团卫星云图特征的分类研究

北疆降雹云团按其卫星云图特征分为对流性和系统性两大类，又将对流性降雹云团按尺度大小分为雷暴云和对流云，系统性降雹云团按所处位置分为冷云核、云系云区和云系边缘。据此方法对1998-2001年4-9月期间北疆出现310个降雹云团进行归类分析。北疆降雹云团以对流性云团为主，它们尺度小、形状不规则、云顶亮温较高。主要出现在北疆西部和北疆沿天山中段。各类降雹云团在各地区的出现机率不同。     

塔里木盆地周边地区冰雹云特征分析

对1998～2001年6～9月在塔里木盆地普查得到105个降雹云团进行分类，按尺度大小分为雷暴云、对流云、中尺度对流系统、冷云核和系统云系云区5类。塔里木盆地2000年降雹云团出现最多，半数以上出现在5月和6月。塔里木盆地降雹云团尺度小、形状不规则、云顶温度较高。     

一次冰雹天气过程分析

对奎玛流域一次冰雹天气的分析表明，在巴尔喀什湖低槽加强东移的环流背景下，低层水汽辐合、抬升启动和层结不稳定有利于该地区强对流的发生、发展，中尺度强对流云团的形成、发展是产生这次冰雹天气的主要原因。     

The effect of gas-phase chemistry on aqueous-phase sulfur dioxide oxidation rates

The rates and mechanisms of both gas and liquid phase reactions for the oxidation of sulfur dioxide play an important role in the production of atmospheric acids and aerosol particles. Rhodeet al. (1981) concluded that sulfate production rates were highly non-linear functions of sulfur dioxide emission rates. Their modelling study used an HO _x termination mechanism for the HO—SO₂ reaction in the gas-phase. Stockwell and Calvert (1983) determined that one of the products of the overall reaction of HO with sulfur dioxide was an HO₂ radical. The National Research Council (1983) using a version of the Rhodeet al. (1981) model modified to include HO₂ production from the HO—SO₂ reaction concluded that sulfate production becomes much more linear with respect to reductions in sulfur dioxide emissions. However, the cause of this increased linearity was not explained by the National Research Council report. It is demonstrated that the increased linearity is due to the coupling of gas-phases and aqueous phase chemistry. The gas-phase sulfur dioxide oxidation mechanism has a very significant effect on hydrogen perodide production rates.     

Cloud Variations under Subtropical High Conditions

The cloud variations under subtropical high(STH) conditions during summers over a ten-year period are studied using combined data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction.The results reveal that clouds mainly experience an isolated evolution in the STHs,which is designated in this study by the 1540 gpm geopotential lines at 850 hPa.In the STH domain throughout the Northern Hemisphere,the average amount of total clouds exceeds 30%.Low clouds dominate in the STH domain,contributing over 60%of total cloud amount within the Pacific subtropical high and over 40%within the Atlantic subtropical high.The prevalence of low clouds in above regions is determined by the circulation pattern around 150°-180°E and 850 hPa,which suppresses both the upward development of the cloud tops and the water vapor divergences near the surface.Furthermore,clouds present great geographical incoherence within the STH domain.In the eastern STHs,the amount of middle and low clouds increases to peak in the early morning and decreases to a trough in the afternoon,while the amount of high clouds remains stable throughout the day.Conversely,in the western STHs,the diurnal amplitude of low and middle clouds is less than three,while high clouds dramatically reach the maximum in the afternoon and drop to the minimum in the evening.Among the nine cloud categories,stratocumulus clouds with greater optical thickness account for the most under STH conditions,no matter their occurrence or amount,causing more shortwave cloud radiative forcing to cool the local atmosphere and surface as a consequence.     

A numerical model of the partitioning of trace chemical solutes during drop freezing

Partitioning of volatile chemicals among the gas, liquid, and solid phases during freezing of liquid water in clouds can impact trace chemical distributions in the troposphere and in precipitation. We describe here a numerical model of this partitioning during the freezing of a supercooled liquid drop. Our model includes the time-dependent calculation of the coupled processes of crystallization kinetics, heat transport, and solute mass transport, for a freezing hydrometeor particle. We demonstrate the model for tracer partitioning during the freezing of a 1000 μm radius drop on a 100 μm ice substrate, under a few ambient condition scenarios. The model effectively simulates particle freezing and solute transport, yielding results that are qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with previous experimental and theoretical work. Results suggest that the ice shell formation time is governed by heat loss to air and not by dendrite propagation, and that the location of ice nucleation is not important to freezing times or the effective partitioning of chemical solutes. Even for the case of nucleation at the center of the drop, we found that dendrites propagated rapidly to form surface ice. Freezing then proceeded from the outside in. Results also indicate that the solid-liquid interfacial surface area is not important to freezing times or the effective partitioning of chemical solutes, and that the rate aspects of trapping are more important than equilibrium solid-liquid partitioning to the effective partitioning resulting from freezing.     

半透明云风矢量高度算法中云下背景辐射的估计

半透明云风矢量高度指定是卫星风矢量算法的重要部分,需要来自半透明云体的辐射和云下背景辐射两个变量。云下背景辐射发生在云层下面,未被卫星直接观测到,为了在半透明云风矢量高度指定算法中更精确地获得云下背景辐射,使用风矢量附近无云区的红外/水汽散点图,估计云下背景辐射。分析表明:在追踪区域里存在无云区的情况下,追踪区的最高红外亮温可代表红外通道的背景辐射;而水汽通道的背景辐射,却在红外亮温高值区段内水汽亮温相对较低区段。追踪区内找不到无云区时应扩大搜索范围,找到无云区后可估计云下背景辐射。在半透明云风矢量高度指定算法中使用云下背景辐射估计的改进算法前后,计算FY-2气象卫星进行风矢量,并将结果与欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）分析场进行对比表明,在半透明风矢量高度指定算法中使用云下背景辐射估计,FY-2气象卫星风矢量误差明显降低。     

低压倒槽影响下积层混合云形成过程模拟研究

利用多普勒雷达资料和中尺度天气预报模式wRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模拟结果,对2009年5月9—10日发生在太原及其周边地区的一次积层混合云降水形成过程进行分析。结果表明,在积层混合云的形成初期,局地对流云得到发展,随着其强度不断增强,与周围云发生并合过程（包括局地单体对流的并合、积云团的并合和积层混合云内强中心的并合）,形成范围较大的积层混合云云系。局地单体对流和积云团的并合可带来云体的爆发性增长,霰含量、雨水含量大幅增加。积层混合云内强中心的并合对降水强度影响不大,但有利于降水面积扩大。低压倒槽和弱冷锋是此次积层混合云形成和维持的主要影响因素。低压倒槽有利于低层大范围不稳定能量的积累,风向切变有利于近距离云团的发展和并合,山地动力和热力作用有利于局地对流单体、积层混合云内强中心的形成和加强。     

新一代天气雷达观测的福建夏季对流云特征

2001年和2002年7～9月利用福建省建阳市和龙岩市二部新一代天气雷达对福建夏季对流云进行系统的观测.通过对观测资料的统计分析和实例分析得到不同类型福建夏季对流云的生命史、尺度、强度等特征;多单体合并对流云液态水总量最大,发展-成熟阶段平均值达4.8×109 kg,是福建夏季对流云中最重要降水云型;对流云发展的不同阶段,不同高度层辐合辐散特点.这些结果为进一步研究夏季南方对流云结构、降水原理提供科学依据.