频率－初速测桩法的应用与提高

本文对频率－初速测拉法的理论和实践作了进一步阐述，并针对测桩资质考核中存在的问题，提出若干技术对策。     

Frequency Effects of Fine Thin Layer

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水平成层场地动剪应变与震动速度关系解析

以SHAKE2000为代表的频域等效线性化是目前主流的土层地震动计算方法。由于该方法在软土场地计算结果严重不合理,其改进方法成为目前研究热点,主要采用频率相关法,但一直没有取得实效。对频率相关法中土体动剪应变和震动速度成恒定比例关系的基本假定进行研究,从波动方程推导出了均匀全空间单向行波、单一均匀半无限场地、成层场地等3种典型场地中土体剪应变与震动速度关系的精确解答,通过数值试验研究了这一假定的合理性与偏差程度。结果表明：动剪应变和震动速度成恒定比例关系这一假定只有在无边界均匀介质单向行波情形下才成立,对于实际成层土场地,动剪应变与震动速度关系强烈依赖于波的频率和观察点的位置,如果在土层地震反应分析中忽略反射波而采用单向行波恒定比例假定将会使计算结果产生显著偏差;动剪应变与震动速度成恒定比例关系的假定导致的偏差达4个量级,即使对于单一均匀半无限空间模型偏差也十分显著;对实际土层地震动的求解,该假定在理论上定性错误,定量上偏差不可接受,必须放弃而另寻其他途径。     

2010年“8.8”舟曲特大山洪泥石流灾害形成的气候特征及地质地理环境分析

利用舟曲气象和地质资料,分析了2010年8月8日发生的"8.8"舟曲特大山洪泥石流灾害形成的气候特征和地质地理环境.这次泥石流是在舟曲特殊的地质地貌和地理环境下,由于前期干旱,突遇强降水而发生的一次特大地质灾害.崩塌、滑坡、地震和人为因素,特别是"5.12"汶川地震,较大程度上破坏了舟曲地质,为泥石流提供了丰富的物质来源;前期干旱在一定程度上加剧了这次灾害;超历史极值的强降水是触发泥石流的直接因素.通过对舟曲气候研究表明,7、8月降雨频繁,而且过程雨量大,尤其8月上旬大雨发生频率最高,应密切关注可能引发的地质灾害.加强对地质地貌的保护,研究历史气候及月季气候特征对泥石流发生的影响,确定在不同地形和地质地貌背景下的泥石流降水量阈值,对泥石流灾害发生的预报有着十分重要的意义.     

Geochemical characterization of karst groundwater in the cradle of humankind world heritage site,South Africa

The karst of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site plays a major role in the assimilation or carrying of acid mine drainage, sewage effluent return flow and agricultural run-off. Infiltration of contaminated water has altered the chemical composition of the natural waters of the karst system. A multivariate statistical method in combination with conventional geochemical and spatial analysis was applied on groundwater and surface water quality samples to determine the spatial extent of hydrochemical impacts from different anthropogenic sources. The application of hierarchical cluster analysis of the major ions (148 samples) recognised three distinct hydrochemical regimes. Cluster 1 is moderately mineralized, especially with regard to chloride, nitrate and sulphate, cluster 2 has a low mineralization with all elements well within the recommended drinking water limits of South Africa and cluster 3 represents highly mineralized samples taken in the vicinity of decanting mineshafts. The cluster solution is confirmed by a simple mixing model, indicating varying contributions of three identified end members (acid mine drainage, treated sewage effluents and pristine dolomitic groundwater) to the groundwater quality in the catchment. The combination of statistical, geochemical and spatial methods in conjunction with end-member mixing analysis provides a reliable method to understand the processes responsible for the groundwater quality variations and to assist in the identification of anthropogenic impacts.     

高山峡谷地区大型地下洞室群非平稳人工地震动拟合

基于近场地震记录频谱分析,结合地震危险性分析得到的基岩场地反应谱,进行了高山峡谷地区大型地下洞室群的人工地震动加速度时程的合成。该方法使用三角级数迭加法,利用攀枝花地震动记录进行傅里叶变换,得到离散点的傅里叶幅值谱,选择两个卓越频率作为控制傅里叶谱的峰值控制点,通过反复迭代生成了初始人工地震波,根据高山峡谷地形进行了深度修正、基线校正和高频滤波,最终生成了可以用于FLAC和ABAQUS等数值分析软件的人工地震动加速度-时程。数值分析表明,此方法拟合的人工地震波可以较好地反映不同频谱对地下洞室群强震响应的影响。     

双频激电法在山区复杂条件下的应用——以福建垄源金多金属矿区为例

双频激电法可同时得到低频和高频电位差,由其计算视幅频率可抵消相同的影响因素,抑制干扰,增强异常幅值,提高观测精度。根据垄源金多金属矿区物性参数可确定受构造控制的硫化多金属矿（脉）体多以充填形式产出,具有低阻高极化反映,随着埋深的不同,视幅频率（Fs）有相应的变化,幅值一般为4%～11%,与背景视幅频率（Fs）2%～4%有明显差别。该区野外工作采用SQ-3C双频激电仪器,测网布设测线6条,其中线距100m、点距10m、、测线长度为400m。根据Fs、ρs曲线形态及Fs等值线图解释该矿区存在一条破碎带,破碎带北部呈现矿体异常特征,推断矿体（脉）走向为北西—南东向。依据该物探成果结合地质资料,布置钻探验证孔,其中8-1孔于156m见导水断裂破碎断层,8-2孔于31m见高品位金多金属矿（脉）体,验证物探解释与地质钻探吻合。     

多频测深初探

在频率域测深的基础上,提出了多频测深方法,实现一机多频同时观测的目的,以提高观测速度。本文讨论了多频观测方法的理论依据及工作特点,并提示实现这种观测的方案。     

Roles of Biogeochemical Processes in the Oceanic Carbon Cycle Described with a Simple Coupled Physical-Biogeochemical Model

To evaluate the contribution of biogeochemical processes to the oceanic carbon cycle and to calculate the ratio of calcium carbonate to organic carbon downward export, we have incorporated biological and alkalinity pumps in the yoked high-latitude exchange/interior diffusion-advection (YOLDA) model. The biogeochemical processes are represented by four parameters. The values of the parameters are tuned so that the model can reproduce the observed phosphate and alkalinity distributions in each oceanic region. The sensitivity of the model to the biogeochemical parameters shows that biological production rates in the euphotic zone and decomposition depths of particulate matters significantly influence horizontal and vertical distributions of biogeochemical substances. The modeled vertical fluxes of particulate organic phosphorus and calcium carbonate are converted to vertical carbon fluxes by the biological pump and the alkalinity pump, respectively. The downward carbon flux from the surface layer to the deep layer in the entire region is estimated to be 3.36 PgC/yr, which consists of 2.93 PgC/yr from the biological pump and 0.43 PgC/yr from the alkalinity pump, which is consistent with previous studies. The modeled rain ratio is higher with depth and higher in the Pacific and Indian Oceans than in the Atlantic Ocean. The global rain ratio at the surface layer is calculated to be 0.14 to 0.15. This value lies between the lower and higher ends of the previous estimates, which range widely from 0.05 to 0.25. This study indicates that the rain ratio is unlikely to be higher than 0.15, at least in the surface waters.