国家基准站自动与人工气象观测值差异评估

分析了自动24次与人工24次观测日平均值间以及人工24次与4次观测日平均值间的差异.评估中涉及到的统计方法主要是两组样本平均值显著差异的t检验.研究表明:人工24次与4次观测差异分析中,近半数台站相对湿度存在显著差异;气温、气压、2 min风速存在显著差异的台站分别为1.5％、0％和6.9％.并且,气温和气压差值场显示...     

自动站数据维护和异常处理之浅析

介绍了自动气象站地面数据的维护及自动站运行过程中较常出现的数据异常等应注意的问题和相应的处理方法。     

浅谈区域自动气象站状态监控与异常识别

利用广西加密自动气象站数据查询系统和数据的连续性、逻辑性进行判别自动气象站运行状态与数据异常状况。     

Impacts of snow accumulation on air temperature measured by automatic weather stations on the Antarctic ice sheet

The heights of automatic weather station (AWS) sensors over the Antarctic ice sheet are nominal and change with snow accumulation or ablation. Therefore, the measured data may not be used directly. In this study, we analyzed the impact of snow accumulation on AWS observations using continuous measurements from three AWS that were deployed on the traverse route from the Zhongshan Station to Dome A over East Antarctica. We then corrected the measured air temperature to account for changes in the sensor height relative to the snow surface to improve the authenticity and representativeness of the observation data from the AWS. The results show that (i) the annual mean snow accumulations at Dome A, Eagle and LGB69 were approximately 0.11 m, 0.30 m and 0.49 m, respectively, and the corresponding annual mean air temperature differences between the corrected and measured values at 1 m in height were 0.34℃, 0.29℃ and 0.35℃; (ii) the impact on air temperature from accumulation decreases with height from the surface; (iii) the air temperature difference between the corrected and measured values was not directly proportional to the snow accumulation but was related to the seasonal air temperature variations and the intensity of the local surface inversion; and (iv) the averaged corrected air temperature was higher than the measured values except during the summer when there were days without temperature inversion. The magnitude of the temperature difference between the corrected and measured was mainly determined by snow accumulation and the intensity of the local surface inversion.     

GSI-3DVAR背景误差协方差水平相关特征尺度对地面自动气象站资料同化的适应性研究

基于华东地区3 km分辨率WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) 模式和高密度地面自动气象站(AWS)观测,研究GSI-3DVAR同化系统的R_HZSCL对AWS观测的地面温度和风观测同化的敏感性。结果表明:运用GSI-3DVAR同化地面AWS观测时,R_HZSCL的取值较为敏感;选取合适的R_HZSCL能有效改进地面分析场精度,相较于背景场地面温度和地面矢量风差(VWD) RMSE均可减小35％以上。当R_HZSCL过大会导致温度高、低值中心的影响范围过大,风分析场较为平滑,无法反映出中小尺度环流结构。但R_HZSCL过小则会使得温度分析场增加误差,并导致风分析场出现虚假大风。观测密度稀疏化的敏感性试验结果表明,地面温度场及风场所适应的最优R_HZSCL皆随着观测密度的增大而相应减小。     

资料同化中自动站数据质量控制方法应用

分析了自动站资料同化中误差的主要来源,并对其进行分类。根据资料同化需求和不同的误差类型,在较为严格的质量控制策略下,设计与之对应的质量控制方法。针对新型自动气象站的风向风速、气温、相对湿度和气压5个要素,选取京津冀地区一周的数据进行数值试验,并进行定量分析。结果表明:本文的质量控制方法能够有效减小过失误差与代表性误差,保留随机误差的正态分布特性,观测与背景场的均方根误差得到一定程度的降低。使用海平面气压代替本站气压进行空间一致性检查能够取得更为合理的结果。     

卫星与自动站资料分析处理系统设计原理和实现

介绍了根据天气分析和预报的实际业务需求,依据卫星资料量化处理和自动站中尺度变压场分离方法等基本原理,设计卫星与自动站资料分析处理系统功能和结构,以＂软件工程＂原理实现系统开发的基本方法、组织及管理,为此类软件系统开发提供了一个实例。     

人工增雨效果评估中的面雨量计算分析

选取北京地区两次不同性质降水过程,分别对仅用气候站和并入自动气象站/雨量站的雨量资料,应用算术平均法和泰森多边形法对固定目标区进行面雨量计算分析.结果表明,泰森多边形法在不同性质降水过程面雨量计算中都表现出了一定优越性;并入自动气象站/雨量站的面雨量结果较仅用气候站资料所得结果更具代表性.在人工增雨效果评估中,可以尝试对由气候站计算的面雨量统计订正的办法,较精确地获得历史期目标区(包括控制区)面雨量实际值,这对提高人工增雨效果的评估精度具有重要实用价值.     

Assessment of air temperatures from different meteorological reanalyses for the East Antarctic region between Zhongshan and Dome A

The accuracy of daily mean 2 meter air temperatures from five reanalyses are assessed against in-situ observations from Automatic Weather Stations in East Antarctica for 2005 to 2008.The five reanalyses all explain more than 70%of the average variance,and have annual root mean square errors(RMSE)between 3.4 and 6.9°C.The NOAA reanalyses,NCEP-1,NCEP-2and 20CRv2,have cool biases of 2.5,1.4 and 1.5°C,respectively.The ERA Interim and JCDAS reanalyses have warm biases of 1.7 and 2.0°C.All reanalyses generally perform better in the austral spring and worse in winter and autumn.They also show the best performance at an inland plateau site at 2800 m elevation,but are worst at Dome A,the summit of the East Antarctic ice sheet.In general,ERA Interim is superior to the other reanalyses,probably because of its 4D assimilation scheme.The three NOAA reanalyses perform worst;Their assimilation scheme is more constrained by limited observations and 20CRv2has less input data,assimilating only surface pressure observations.Despite deficiencies and limitations,the reanalyses are still powerful tools for climate studies in the Antarctic region.However,more in-situ observations are required,especially from the vast interior of Antarctica.     

IVSA模型在双来源自动站小时降水数据实时拼接中的应用

利用2012年5月1日至7月31日全国自动气象站两种来源实时上传资料中的“非缺测不一致”小时降水数据,详查了问题的产生原因,为在实时拼接过程中高效判断数据正确性,提出较小尺度时间序列求证比对模型（IVSA）：当同一时间同一台站的两种来源小时降水值发生不一致时,首先在较小时间尺度（分钟级）序列上使用内部一致性检查方法分别求证小时降水的正确性;当各自在较小时间尺度序列均无法证伪时,将单元出错概率引入两分钟降水序列的比对过程,并据此竞优遴选得出较为可靠的小时降水数据。指出：（1）产生非缺测不一致问题的原因主要有生成报文时观测数据不全、报文处理环节不一致、台站信息不正确三类。（2）使用2012年5月1360组实例形成IVSA模型参数后,模型在2012年6—7月的4017组非缺测不一致数据中取得了99.65%的判断准确率。通过IVSA模型,非缺测不一致的小时降水数据取舍问题可在分钟降水序列比对中找出答案。