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711.
定量的估算非光合植被覆盖度(Fractional Cover of Non-photosynthetic Vegetation, fNPV)对草原生态系统碳储存、植被生产力、土壤侵蚀和火灾监测均具有重要的意义。本文以锡林郭勒草原实测高光谱和样方盖度为数据源,利用NPV(Non-Photosynthetic Vegetation)、PV(Photosynthetic Vegetation)、BS(Bare Soil)的平均光谱通过线性光谱混合模型模拟得到混合场景光谱,寻找区分NPV/PV/BS的敏感性波段,然后分别评价不同多光谱指数与fNPV的相关性。最后利用野外混合场景实验验证光谱指数估算fNPV的有效性。在此基础上,探讨基于OLI数据的NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)-DFI(Dead Fuel Index)特征空间是否满足三元线性混合模型的基本假设。结果表明:短波红外(SWIR)波段是区分NPV/PV/BS的敏感性波段,以此为基础构建的OLI-DFI指数具备有效区分NPV/PV/BS的潜力。在模拟混合场景条件下,OLI-DFI和MODIS-DFI指数均与fNPV呈显著相关,决定性系数R2分别为0.84和0.94,均方根误差RMSE分别为0.09和0.05,而NDI和NDSVI指数与fNPV相关性很低。与模拟混合场景相比,在野外混合场景下OLI-DFI和MODIS-DFI指数估算fNPV的有效性均有一定程度的降低,R2分别为0.65和0.75,RMSE分别为0.14和0.12。基于OLI数据构建的NDVI-DFI特征空间满足三元线性混合模型的基本假设,可有效的估算fNPV。 相似文献
712.
713.
Hydrodynamics and sediment transport in the nearshore zone were modeled numerically taking into account turbulent unsteady flow. The flow field was computed using the Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes equations with a k–ε turbulence closure model, while the free surface was tracked using the Volume-Of-Fluid technique. This hydrodynamical model was supplemented with a cross-shore sediment transport formula to calculate profile changes and sediment transport in the surf and swash zones. Based on the numerical solutions, flow characteristics and the effects of breaking waves on sediment transport were studied. The main characteristic of breaking waves, i.e. the instantaneous sediment transport rate, was investigated numerically, as was the spatial distribution of time-averaged sediment transport rates for different grain sizes. The analysis included an evaluation of different values of the wave friction factor and an empirical constant characterizing the uprush and backwash. It was found that the uprush induces a larger instantaneous transport rate than the backwash, indicating that the uprush is more important for sediment transport than the backwash. The results of the present model are in reasonable agreement with other numerical and physical models of nearshore hydrodynamics. The model was found to predict well cross-shore sediment transport and thus it provides a tool for predicting beach morphology change. 相似文献
714.
岩石圈的层状结构使拆离作用在沉积盆地中成为一种普遍发生的现象。拆离作用具有 4种岩石圈伸展模式。拆离构造具有发育剪切滑移带、多级次滑脱、构造形态上下不协调、发育动力变质岩和地层重复或缺失等特征。拆离作用形成的几种伴生构造可作为油气储集的地质体 相似文献
715.
利用2019年MODIS卫星数据、葵花-8卫星数据和天空辐射计观测数据分析北京城区云光学特性的时空分布特征。结果表明,北京地区的云光学厚度(Cloud optical depth,COD)和云滴有效半径(Cloud drop effective radius,CER)呈现明显的季节变化特征。北京地区COD主要分布特征为南部地区较高而北部地区较低,且夏季COD值明显高于其他季节,最高值为20左右。CER在春季和夏季呈现相反的区域分布特征,春季北京地区南低北高,夏季北京地区南高北低,而秋冬季CER明显低于春夏两季。通过将天空辐射计观测数据与卫星观测结果对比分析发现二者在COD方面一致性较高, r分别为0.69和0.66,MODIS对于CER数据的一致性较差,r值为0.053而葵花-8一致性较好r值为0.53。 相似文献
716.
Over the last decade, hundreds of climate change adaptation projects have been funded and implemented. Despite the importance of these first-generation adaptation projects for establishing funders and implementors’ “best practices,” very little is known about how early adaptation projects have endured, to what ends, and for whom. In this article, I propose a community-based methodology for ex-post assessment of climate change adaptation projects. This methodology contributes to recognitional justice by asking the individuals and collectives tasked with sustaining adaptation initiatives to define adaptation success and what criteria for success should be assessed. I apply this subjective assessment approach in 10 communities across Ecuador that participated in an internationally funded adaptation project that concluded in 2015. My analysis draws together participatory mapping, walking interviews with local leaders, participant observation, and surveys with former project participants. The results highlight that even adaptation projects that were deemed highly successful at their closure have uncertain futures. I find that the sustainability mechanisms that were envisioned by project implementors have not functioned, and communities are shouldering the burden of reviving failing adaptation interventions. These findings highlight that the current model of episodic funding for climate change adaptation projects and evaluation processes needs to be revisited to acknowledge the long-term challenges faced by communities. This analysis also calls attention to the importance of ex-post assessment for adaptation projects and the potential of subjective assessment approaches for building more ontological and epistemological pluralism in understandings of successful climate change adaptation. 相似文献
717.
Marcos Terradillos-Bernal Martina Demuro Lee J. Arnold Jesús F. Jordá-Pardo Ignacio Clemente-Conte Alfonso Benito-Calvo J. Carlos Díez Fernández-Lomana 《第四纪科学杂志》2023,38(1):21-37
San Quirce is an open-air archaeological site situated on a fluvial terrace in the Duero basin (Palencia, northern Iberia). This paper presents new and consistent chronologies obtained for the sedimentary sequence using post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (pIR-IR) dating of K-feldspars and single-grain thermally transferred optically stimulated luminescence (TT-OSL) dating of quartz. The new dating results indicate that the sequence is older than ~200 000 years and place San Quirce Level III within marine isotope stages (MIS) 8 and 7, between 274 ± 13 ka and 238 ± 13 ka. The main lithic assemblage at San Quirce comes from Level III. The predominant tool types found in this level are hammerstones, manuports and flakes, with a small proportion of cores and a significant presence of denticulates. Adaptation to local environmental conditions resulted in distinctive cultural habits, which were embedded in the cultural tradition of hominins occupying the site during the final third of the Middle Pleistocene. San Quirce preserves a simple cultural tradition that was employed by local hominins to engage in a diverse array of activities, and highlights the cultural diversity that appears to have been a characteristic feature of the Lower to Middle Palaeolithic transition 300–200 ka. 相似文献
718.
Energy and mobility poverty limits people’s choices and opportunities and negatively impinges upon structural economic and social welfare patterns. It also hampers the ability of planners to implement more equitable and just decarbonization pathways. Research has revealed that climate policies have imposed a financial burden on low-income and other vulnerable groups by increasing food and energy prices, leading as well to global inequality. Similarly, researchers have warned that in developing countries, emission mitigation policies could increase poverty rates and even frustrate progress towards universal access to clean energy. This research explores whether low-income social groups experience a 'double energy vulnerability', a situation that simultaneously positions people at heightened risk of transport and energy poverty. We investigate this 'double vulnerability' through original data collection via three nationally representative surveys of Mexico (N = 1,205), the United Arab Emirates (N = 1,141), Ireland and Northern Ireland (N = 1,860). We draw from this original data to elaborate on the sociodemographic attributes, expenditure and behaviour emerging from energy and transport use, focusing on themes such as equity, behaviour and vulnerability. We propose energy and transport poverty indexes that allow us to summarize the key contributing factors to energy and transport poverty in the countries studied and uncover a strong correlation between these two salient forms of poverty. Our results suggest that energy and transport poverty are common issues regardless of the very different national, and even sub-national, contexts. We conclude that energy and transport poverty requires target policy interventions suitable for all segments of society, thus enabling contextually-tailored, just energy transitions. 相似文献
719.
Long-term global emission scenarios enable the analysis of future climate change, impacts, and response strategies by providing insight into possible future developments and linking these different climate research elements. Such scenarios play a crucial role in the climate change literature informing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Assessment Reports (ARs) and support policymakers. This article reviews the evolution of emission scenarios, since 1990, by focusing on scenario critiques and responses as published in the literature. We focus on the issues raised in the critiques and the possible impact on scenario development. The critique (280) focuses on four areas: 1) key scenario assumptions (40%), 2) the emissions range covered by the scenarios and missing scenarios (25%), 3) methodological issues (24%), and 4) the policy relevance and handling of uncertainty (11%). Scenario critiques have become increasingly influential since 2000. Some areas of critique have decreased or become less prominent (probability, development process, convergence assumptions, and economic metrics). Other areas have become more dominant over time (e.g., policy relevance & implications of scenarios, transparency, Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs) assumptions, missing scenarios). Several changes have been made in developing scenarios and their content that respond to the critique. 相似文献
720.