广州盛夏高温频数异常分析

运用EOF、相关分析等方法,分析了广州市1951-2004年高温频数的基本气候特征,并探讨了盛夏(7 -8月)高温频数异常与同期65-150°E,10-70°N范围内500 hPa高度场的关系。结果表明:(1)近54年来广州年平均出现高温次数为8．7日;5-9月都有高温出现,其中7、8月是高温的频发期;(2)广州市高温频数具有明显的年际和年代际变化,其中1980年代以来高温频数明显增加;(3)广州市盛夏高温频数在1980年代以来的异常增多是与同期我国西北部-蒙古-贝加尔湖及附近地区西风带活动减弱、中低纬副热带高压强度加强有密切的关系。     

冬季200 hPa西太平洋急流异常与海表加热和大气瞬变扰动的关系探讨

使用ERA40和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料探讨了冬季200 hPa东亚沿海到太平洋上空西风急流(WPJS)异常与北太平洋冬季海表加热和天气尺度瞬变扰动异常的关系.研究表明,东亚-北太平洋中纬度地区冬季海气系统与天气尺度瞬变扰动活动有十分密切的局地空间匹配型.通过进一步的诊断分析发现,与冬季200 hPa WPJS 3种不同的空间异常型相伴随的北太平洋海表加热异常型和天气尺度扰动异常型也截然不同:第1种空问异常型的西风异常主要发生于日界线以东的中东太平洋上空,而WPJS主体处却没有显著的异常发生,此时,在赤道中东太平洋和北太平洋海盆中部地区有异常的海表加热,西风异常区的瞬变扰动也发生异常变化;第2种空间异常型表现为WPJS主体区西风急流强度的变化,并与黑潮表面加热异常以及WPJS出口处的瞬变扰动活动异常有密切关系;第3种空间异常型显示出WPJS的南北移动,它与以35°N为界的西北太平洋南部和北部海区海表加热异常的正负对比有关系,与此同时,瞬变扰动活动也存在相应的南北移动.一个可能的联系是海表加热异常与大尺度平均气流异常密切关联,从而改变了中纬度大气斜压性,由此导致了瞬变扰动异常,后者通过大气内部动力过程对冬季WPJS异常起维持作用.     

近五百年我国北方多雨年及其与温度背景的关联

将秦岭淮河以北、90°E以东的广大地区呈现“多雨” 格局的年份称为“北方多雨年”,其中105°N以东地域降水偏多的年份称为“北方东部多雨年”。综合利用历史文献记录、树木年轮代用记录和降水量资料来确定近五百年间的北方多雨年份和北方东部多雨年份,并建立历史年表(1470～2007年)。指出,在过去的538年间有北方多雨年97年(发生率18.0%)和北方东部多雨年174年(发生率32.3%),二者均呈现阶段性集中出现的特点,各有6个长约 20～40年的频繁发生时段。在北半球和东亚气候相对温暖的时段内,北方多雨年和北方东部多雨年的发生频率明显地高于气候相对寒冷的时段,这意味着在未来气候变暖的背景下,我国的降水分布将可能出现北方多雨年频繁出现的情形。在最近百年的全球大范围急剧升温时段,北方多雨年的发生频率仅表现为高于冷时段而已,并未呈现随增温速率的加快而同步增高,这表明北方多雨年的发生率与温度背景并非简单的线性关系。     

中国西北地区雨季降水与500 hPa高度场的SVD分析

利用西北地区131个测站(1961~2000年)的逐旬降水量和国家气候中心整编的(1960~2000年)逐月北半球500 hPa 5×10高度场网格资料,分析了西北地区平均雨季起讫时段,并用SVD方法分析雨季降水与500 hPa高度场的关系。结果表明,西北地区多雨期在5~9月,但雨季起讫时间的分布较为复杂,7月上旬至9月上旬可代表主要降水区的雨季。西北地区雨季降水除与同期500hPa环流有关外,还与前期3~5月、12~2月的500 hPa环流有关,但不同时期的影响关键区有很大的不同。     

北半球10 hPa极地涡旋环流指数定义及分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析值10 hPa月平均高度场资料定义和计算了1948-2007年北半球10 hPa极地涡旋的强度指数(P)、 面积指数(S)和中心位置指数(λc, φc)。用它们分析了北半球10 hPa极地涡旋的季节变化和年际异常规律, 研究了它们与全球增暖、 臭氧（O3）异常和极地涛动（AO）的关系。结果表明： (1）北半球10 hPa层高纬6~8月为反气旋（A）控制; 9月~3月为气旋（C）控制。春季环流转型（C→A）缓慢; 秋季转型（A→C）迅速。(2）P、 S异常的年际变化具有同步性, 故异常分析仅取P进行。隆冬（1月）P的异常主要表现为年际尺度（10年以下周期）振荡, 不存在明显的年代际变化; 盛夏（7月）极地反气旋强度年代际变化显著。(3）隆冬极地气旋中心位置的异常明显大于盛夏反气旋。(4）极区中平流层平均气温的演变1、 7月迥异, 但它们与P的演变同步; 与全球增暖趋势无显著相关, 但7月P与O3异常有显著正相关。(5）隆冬（1月）10 hPa气旋强度指数P与极地涛动指数AO存在显著正相关, 故可用10 hPa ′表示AO。     

THE STRONG DRAGON BOAT RACE PRECIPITATION OF GUANGDONG IN 2008 AND QUASI-10-DAY OSCILLATION

Guangdong suffered from the most serious precipitation of its corresponding time during the dragon-boat race of 2008 since 1951.The relationship between the strong dragon-boat precipitation in 2008 and atmospheric low-frequency oscillation was analyzed with the methods of wavelet analysis,correlation and Lanczos filter.Results showed that the daily rainfall exhibits a significant 7 to 12-day quasi-periodic oscillation(namely quasi-10-day oscillation) during the precipitation,the daily 500 hPa height over Guangdong exhibits a significant 8 to 13-day quasi-periodic oscillation,and the daily 850 hPa zonal wind averaged over the north of the South China Sea presents a significant quasi-12-day periodic oscillation.The Guangdong rainfall during the annually first rainy season is most closely correlated with monsoon over the north of South China Sea,and less closely with an upper-level trough at 500 hPa affecting Guangdong.Strong monsoon surges induced two heavy rainfall processes in 2008.The monsoon surges joined with a westward-propagating quasi-10-day oscillation that originated from the central Pacific and was enhanced in a strong convective region east of the Philippines and a northward-propagating monsoon that originated from the southern South China Sea was enhanced.With composite analysis of typical phases,the common evolution characteristics of atmospheric circulation of the two heavy rainfall processes were analyzed for different phases.These features can be used as reference for medium prediction of heavy rainfall processes in Guangdong.     

500 hPa位势高度场极端天气事件的NCEP集合概率预报效果分析

基于百分位方法,首先通过构建气候等概率区间得到了位势高度场极端天气事件区分方法,并给出了相应的预报结果检验评价方案;以此为基础,对2003年夏季亚欧区域的500hPa位势高度场极端天气事件的NCEP集合概率预报效果进行了深入分析,得到如下结论：1）分析时段和区域内的极端事件的发生频率比气候平均状况略偏高。NCEP集合预报系统对异常偏低的极端事件的预报易偏高,但相对比较可靠;对相对异常偏高极端事件的预报频率随着预报时效的增大而减小,时效小于3d时预报频率偏高,时效大于5d时显著偏低,预报可靠性相对差一些。2）EV（economic value,经济价值）分析表明,NCEP集合预报系统对偏高（低）极端事件的概率预报效果明显高于正常天气事件。3）预报命中率分析表明,在高概率阈值下,预报命中率较低,这与预报系统在部分个例中的不发散有关。随着概率阈值的降低,预报命中率稳步提高,说明集合成员的发散使之可以覆盖实况可能出现的区间,从而得到更好的预报效果。     

Relationship analysis between September precipitation in western China and 700 hPa wind field in East Asia

The regional wind index influencing September precipitation in western China has been defined using the 700 hPa u and v components of NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data of 1961 to 2006. There are three regional wind field indices: southwest, southeast, and north, and these indices reflect the change of East Asian monsoon. The relationship between the indices was studied, and results show that they not only have a close relationship, but also have independence. Moreover, there is an obvious relationship between the wind indices and the autumn in particular the September precipitation in western China. The effect of wind indices on rain occurrence is most different: the influenced area of the southwest wind index is larger than that of the southeast wind index, and the southwest wind index is a controlling factor on autumn precipitation in western China. The weakening of southwest wind is the main cause resulting in reduction of autumn precipitation on the east side of the Tibetan Plateau.     

Association between winter temperature in China and upper air circulation over East Asia revealed by canonical correlation analysis

Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to study the relationship between the winter temperature in China and the circulation at 500 hPa over East Asia. CCA identifies a number of paired patterns that depend on Principle Component (PC) truncation of the two fields. Retaining more PCs usually gives more physically meaningful CCA patterns, but the leading paired pattern has often less explained variance. When fewer PCs are adopted, the leading pattern possesses larger variance. However, it is often distorted in comparison with PC or rotated PC patterns. Various combinations with different PC and CCA patterns remained were tried, which shows that retaining as many PCs as possible and using the first several CCAs instead of only the first give most reasonable connection mechanisms. A statistical downscaling model based on CCA modes linking temperature with circulation was established to quantify the extent to which temperature variation can be explained by circulation. The model was optimised by varying numbers of the PCs and the CCA modes retained. With 13th PC truncation in the circulation and 8th PC truncation in the temperature as well as five CCA modes retained, the optimal CCA model is achieved based on cross-validation. The optimal downscaling model accounts for 47.5% temperature variance on average. However, there is a remarkable regional difference, which ranges from 10% to 70% in brier-based score (BBS). It is concluded that 500-hPa circulation is strongly linked to surface temperature in parts of the country, but it alone is not sufficient to achieve a successful statistical downscaling of the temperature for whole China.     

1981—2013年6—7月江淮地区切变线及暴雨统计分析

利用第5次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)提供的39个全球气候模式模拟的1961—2005年逐月500 hPa位势高度场资料,以及同期美国国家环境预测中心再分析资料,通过经验正交函数分解提取主要模态,基于泰勒图方法、概率密度函数的Brier评分和显著性评分指标,探讨CMIP5模式对东亚500 hPa高度场主要模态时空结构的模拟能力,寻求具有较好东亚环流型态模拟能力的气候模式以及模拟较好的主模态。结果表明:(1) CMIP5模式能够模拟出东亚500 hPa高度场主要模态,且各模式对冬季主要模态时空结构的模拟能力都高于夏季。(2) 各模式对冬季模态(西太平洋遥相关型)模拟能力最强,第3模态最差,对冬季主要模态空间结构模拟较好的模式为IPSL-CM5B-LR、MPI-ESM-P、CMCC-CMS、FGOALS-g2、HadGEM2-ES;夏季第1模态空间结构模拟能力最强,其次分别为第2模态和东亚-太平洋型(简记第3模态),西太平洋遥相关型较差,对夏季主要模态空间结构模拟较好的模式为ECEARTH、CanESM2、CMCC-CM、GFDL-ESM2G、IPSL-CM5A-MR。(3)对主要模态时间系数概率密度函数特征的模拟评估表明,模式对冬季第2模态概率密度函数的模拟较好,其次为西太平洋遥相关型,其主要模态时间系数的概率密度函数模拟较好的模式为CESM1-FASTCHEM、HadGEM2-ES、INM-CM4、GISS-E2-H、BCC-CSM1-1;模式对夏季第2模态时间系数的概率密度函数模拟较好,其次分别为第3模态、西太平洋遥相关型,其主要模态时间系数概率密度函数模拟较好的模式为CCSM4、HadGEM2-CC、GFDL-CM3、MRI-CGCM3、NorESM1-M。(4)综合时空结构模式模拟能力,对冬季主要模态模拟较好的前5个模式为HadGEM2-ES、IPSL-CM5B-LR、CESM1-FASTCHEM、INM-CM4、BCC-CSM1-1;夏季前5个模式为ECEARTH、CMCC-CM、CCSM4、CANESM2、MIROC5。