Ni-Co sulphide segregation in the Mamb pyroxenite intrusion, Cameroon

The amphibole metapyroxenite intrusion from Mamb (Cameroon) consists of enstatite, diopside-augite, edenite, and traces of plagioclase, biotite and rutile. It contains notable amounts of sulphides (pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and Co-rich violarite). The sulphide phase segregated during magma crystallization as immiscible droplets (≤ 1 mm) included in growing ferromagnesian minerals or aggregated in the silicate crystal mush to form an interstitial phase. However, observed sulphide assemblages are likely to result from low-T (≤ 300 °C) re-equilibration of high-T monosulphide solid solutions, more particularly during the Pan-African metamorphic event. The Mamb amphibole pyroxenite intrusion is tentatively considered as a potential source for Ni and Co mineralization.     

用地震标定律研究丽江7.0级地震的破裂过程

本根据Ｈｅａｓｋｅｌｌ二维矩形地震破裂模式，导出了以ω立方的波谱衰减，在分析地震破裂过程特征、考虑三个主要的相似性假定基础上，即假定地震满足断层面几何相似、应力环境相似和动力学相似条件，研究了大小地震相似性问题的标度分析，建立了地震破裂和源参数之间的标定律关系。用云南地区２０多年中数百个地震的地震矩Ｍ０、面波震级Ｍｓ和近震震级ＭＬ系统以及有关的地震参数，建立了适用于云南地区的地震标定律关系。由此     

丽江7.0级地震的地震地质构造背景分析

本文主要根据作者的野外地震地质调查，从震区地质构造条件与构造应力场特征出发，根据库仑－莫尔剪破裂准则计算，结合这次地震地表破坏特征和等烈度线形态特征综合分析认为，在北北西至近南北向主压应力作用下，丽江７．０级地震是玉龙雪山山前断裂活动的结果，地震时断层活动以倾为主，伴有一定的左旋扭动。并讨论了山前断裂的闭锁条件。     

华北地区Lg尾波衰减研究--Lg尾波Q0地震成像

利用单台记录叠加频谱比法测量出的华北地区560余条单台传播路径上平均Lg尾波Q0值数据（Q0是1Hz的Q值）,采用随机褶积模型和奇异值分解法,重建该地区地壳中Q0的横向变化.结果表明,华北地区地壳中Lg尾波Q0值分布具有显著的横向不均匀性,这种不均匀性与地质构造明显相关,块隆区具有较高的Q0值,例如,燕山造山带、太行山块隆、鲁西隆起;华北平原区表现为低Q0值分布,例如冀中坳陷、黄骅坳陷、济阳坳陷,二者界限分明.结合研究区内的大地热值分布研究表明,低Q0值区大都处于高热流区,这可能是地壳内热物质的活动有关.虽然华北地区Lg尾波Q0值高、低分区明显,但是,从总体上应该属于低Q0值异常区,也就是说,该区的地壳是高地震波衰减区,这可能是该地区受太平洋板块和欧亚板块的相互作用而使地壳减薄,热物质上升造成的结果.     

芦山7.0级地震长波辐射异常分析

分析2013年2-5月芦山地震震中区域长波辐射涡度场空间演化特征,结果显示,在芦山7．0级地震前存在涡度场明显增强的异常现象,2009-2013年同期并未出现。这一震例再次证明,在部分大震前OLR存在异常增强的变化。     

Mechanical decoupling and thermal structure at the East Pacific Rise axis 9°N: Constraints from axial magma chamber geometry and seafloor structures

We study the relationships between the seafloor structures and the axial magma chamber geometry in the 9°N overlapping spreading center (OSC) area on the fast spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR). Our observations are based on a new high resolution bathymetric map of the 9°N OSC area derived from picks of the seafloor arrival on 3D seismic data, and on previously published data that constrain the presence and distribution of melt below the 9°N OSC. Differences in the orientation of structures between the seafloor and the magma chamber indicate a sharp change in principal stress directions with depth, suggesting that the brittle crust above the melt sill is decoupled from the melt sill itself and the ductile crust underlying it. The stress-field within the brittle upper crust results from a local interaction of the two overlapping spreading centers, whereas the stress-field in the crust below the melt sill corresponds to the regional stress-field imposed by plate separation. Given this mechanical structure of the crust, the melt sill shape and location appear to be controlled by the following factors: the location of the deep melt source below the melt sill, the ambient stress-field at the depth of the melt sill, and the stress-field in the brittle upper crust above the melt sill, which thermally shapes the roof of the melt sill through repeated eruptions.     

Ductile creep and compaction: A mechanism for transiently increasing fluid pressure in mostly sealed fault zones

A simple cyclic process is proposed to explain why major strike-slip fault zones, including the San Andreas, are weak. Field and laboratory studies suggest that the fluid within fault zones is often mostly sealed from that in the surrounding country rock. Ductile creep driven by the difference between fluid pressure and lithostatic pressure within a fault zone leads to compaction that increases fluid pressure. The increased fluid pressure allows frictional failure in earthquakes at shear tractions far below those required when fluid pressure is hydrostatic. The frictional slip associated with earthquakes creates porosity in the fault zone. The cycle adjusts so that no net porosity is created (if the fault zone remains constant width). The fluid pressure within the fault zone reaches long-term dynamic equilibrium with the (hydrostatic) pressure in the country rock. One-dimensional models of this process lead to repeatable and predictable earthquake cycles. However, even modest complexity, such as two parallel fault splays with different pressure histories, will lead to complicated earthquake cycles. Two-dimensional calculations allowed computation of stress and fluid pressure as a function of depth but had complicated behavior with the unacceptable feature that numerical nodes failed one at a time rather than in large earthquakes. A possible way to remove this unphysical feature from the models would be to include a failure law in which the coefficient of friction increases at first with frictional slip, stabilizing the fault, and then decreases with further slip, destabilizing it.     

吉林省东部石炭-二叠系伊利石的成因标志

吉林东部石炭-二叠系主要是一套泥质岩石, 其详细深入的矿物学工作尚不多见。利用JSM-6700F场发射电镜及INCA能谱仪,研究了伊利石的显微形貌和微区成分。采用D/max-2500 X-射线衍射仪,研究了伊利石的结晶度、多型和b₀值。结果表明:研究区伊利石结晶度变化于0.26~0.77,平均值为0.44;伊利石（白云母）多型有3种类型,分别为1M_d型、1M_d+2M₁混合型和2M₁型;伊利石（白云母）b₀值为8.996~9.045,平均值为9.007Å。石炭系伊利石结晶度变化于0.26~0.50,平均值为0.35,主要呈2M₁多型,b₀平均值为9.011Å,主要是低级近变质带的产物;二叠系伊利石结晶度变化于0.26~0.50,平均值为0.42,主要为1M_d+2M₁混合型多型,b₀平均值为9.004Å,主要为晚期成岩带的产物。     

Late Silurian fish microfossils from Helvetesgraven,Skåne (southern Sweden) (I)

Geologie en Mijnbouw - The fauna from a Late Silurian residue sample from Övedskloster (Skåne) is listed. It comprises scales of ‘Agnatha’ (rare osteostracan scales, and the...     

Holocene history and environmental reconstruction of a Hercynian mire and surrounding mountain landscape based on multiple proxies

We discovered the first peat section covering the entire Holocene in the Hrubý Jeseník Mountains, representing an island of unique alpine vegetation whose history may display transitional features between the Hercynian and Carpathian regions. We analysed pollen, plant macrofossils (more abundant in bottom layers), testate amoebae (more abundant in upper layers), peat stratigraphy and chemistry. We found that the landscape development indeed differed from other Hercynian mountains located westward. This is represented by Pinus cembra and Larix during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition, the early expansion of spruce around 10,450 cal yr BP, and survival of Larix during the climatic optimum. The early Holocene climatic fluctuations are traced in our profile by species compositions of both the mire and surrounding forests. The mire started to develop as a calcium-rich percolation fen with some species recently considered to be postglacial relicts (Meesia triquetra, Betula nana), shifted into ombrotrophy around 7450 cal yr BP by autogenic succession and changed into a pauperised, nutrient-enriched spruce woodland due to modern forestry activities. We therefore concluded that its recent vegetation is not a product of natural processes. From a methodological viewpoint we demonstrated how using multiple biotic proxies and extensive training sets in transfer functions may overcome taphonomic problems.