Increasing free-air 0℃ isotherm height in Southwest China from 1960 to 2010

Based on the radiosonde data observed at 14 stations in Southwest China from 1960 to 2010, as well as the corresponding surface air temperature, the long-term change of free-air 0℃ isotherm height in Southwest China and the relationships between surface air temperature and 0℃ isotherm height are discussed. The results indicated that the spatial distribution of 0℃ isotherm height is generally related with latitude, but the huge massif or plateau may complicate the latitude pattern. The two main regimes influencing the spatial patterns of 0℃ isotherm height in Southwest China are latitude and huge massif. The annual 0℃ isotherm height has increased by 35 m per decade in the recent decades, which is statistically significant at the 0.001 level. Generally, the increasing trend can be examined for each seasonal series, especially in winter (53 m per decade). The diversity of trend magnitudes for annual and seasonal series can also be detected at a spatial view, but generally 0℃ isotherm height correlated well with surface air temperature.     

Abundances of Sulfur,Selenium, Tellurium,Rhenium and Platinum‐Group Elements in Eighteen Reference Materials by Isotope Dilution Sector‐Field ICP‐MS and Negative TIMS

Geological reference materials (RMs) with variable compositions and NIST SRM 612 were analysed by isotope dilution mass spectrometry for bulk rock concentrations of chalcogen elements (sulfur, selenium and tellurium), rhenium and platinum‐group elements (PGEs: Ru, Pd, Os, Ir and Pt), including the isotope amount ratios of ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os. All concentrations were obtained from the same aliquot after HCl‐HNO₃ digestion in a high pressure asher at 320 °C. Concentrations were determined after chemical separation by negative TIMS, ICP‐MS and hydride generation ICP‐MS (Se, Te). As in previous studies, concentrations of the PGEs in most RMs were found to be highly variable, which may be ascribed to sample heterogeneity at the < 1 g level. In contrast, S, Se and Te displayed good precision (RSD < 5%) in most RMs, suggesting that part of the PGE budget is controlled by different phases, compared with the chalcogen budget. The method may minimise losses of volatile chalcogens during the closed‐system digestion and indicates the different extent of heterogeneity of chalcogens, Re and PGEs in the same sample aliquot. OKUM, SCo‐1, MRG‐1, DR‐N and MAG‐1 are useful RMs for the chalcogens. NIST SRM 612 displays homogenous distribution of S, Se, Te, Pt and Pd in 30 mg aliquots, in contrast with micro‐scale heterogeneity of Se, Pd and Pt.     

镜质体反射率在重建盆地古地温中的应用──中国东部、西部中、新生代沉积盆地古地温特征

在总结前人关于镜质体反射率重建盆地古地温方法的基础上,讨论了各方法的理论基础、应用效果及其局限性。选择理论上与实际应用效果较好的EasyR0方法,重建了东部苏北盆地、辽河盆地和西部柴达木盆地、三塘湖盆地典型探井的古地温演化模式。结果表明我国东部中、新代大陆架谷型盆地,具有比酉部中、新生代前陆型盆地更高的古地温梯度。中生代末至第三纪早期,东部盆地的古地温梯度大于4．0℃／100m,而西部盆地的在3．0～2．5℃／100m。我国中、新生代沉积盆地古地温普遍具有从高到低的演化趋势,而柴达木盆地则相反,古地温梯度自早第三纪的2．5℃／100m升高到现今的3．0℃／100m。这几个盆地古地温的成功恢复,证实EasyR0方法对热演化各异的不同类型盆地古地温恢复具有广泛的适应性,而且,准确性高。过去常用的TTI－R0方法过高地计算了有机质的成熟度,使重建的古地温偏低。     

深部人工冻土在小应变条件下的刚度特性

以K0固结后在受载状态下冻结的冻结土体为研究对象,利用代表土体刚度特征的割线弹性模量,研究了在应变不超过0.5 %时,深部人工冻土的刚度随应变发展变化的趋势,分析了造成K0固结后冻结土体杨氏模量与未冻土体杨氏模量较大差异的原因,讨论了冻结温度和初始围压对K0固结后在受载状态下冻结的冻土刚度大小的影响以及对冻土屈服后刚度衰减速度的影响。     

中国降水混沌识别及空间聚类

0-1混沌测试方法是一种新的可直接作用于时间序列的混沌识别方法,不需要进行相空间重构,通过对Chebyshev映射的检验验证了有效性。运用0-1方法对中国640个气象站1960-2011年月降水序列进行混沌识别,并运用基于密度的顾及非空间属性的空间聚类方法（DBSC）对计算结果进行空间聚类。结果表明,各气象站月降水序列均表现出明显的混沌特性,且K值的空间分布具有明显的分区特征：从大尺度上看,全国可分为西北高值区、南方次高区、华北-东北中值区和青藏低值区;从小尺度上看,全国分出了29个空间簇。中国降水混沌空间聚类结果不仅与大尺度的气候类型分布相吻合,而且也反映了局部降水动力系统变化特征,这就为降水系统的时空规律研究提供了一条新的途径和方法。     

基于等速线模型的一维黄土动荷载响应分析

本文以兰州黄土为研究对象,开展了不同加载速率条件下的K0压缩试验,并结合试验结果和“等速线理论”研究了震动荷载作用下黄土的动力学响应及其影响因素。研究结果显示,随着加载速率的升高,回弹系数(a)、塑性压缩系数(b)、前期固结压力(σp)以及内变量参考时间(τp)均会产生显著变化。其中,加载速率的升高对内变量参考时间影响最为剧烈,而加载速率对黏塑性应变速率参数(c)的影响可以忽略。通过对比震动荷载作用下土体应变发展的计算和实测结果表明,基于加载速率较快的试验结果获取的模型参数,其理论预测精度较高。在计算动力学问题中,σp的量值较静力条件下获取的参数要小2~3个数量级,这是使用该模型计算动力问题与静力问题的最大不同。进一步的计算分析表明,震动荷载作用下的动应变幅值与回弹系数正相关,而(b-a)/c和应力比(震动荷载的平均值与前期固结压力之比)正比于动荷载初期作用下发生的塑性应变(“残余应变”)。因而,在评价土体动荷载作用下的“残余应变”时,应综合考虑各力学参数和应力状态的影响。     

Test Of Turbulence Models For Wind Flow Over Terrain With Separation And Recirculation

Several two-equation turbulence models using isotropic eddy viscosity and wall functions are assessed by solution of the neutral atmospheric boundary layer over a flat surface and wind flow over two- and three-dimensional models and real terrain. Calculations are presented for wind flow over the Sirhowy Valley in Wales, an embankment along the Rhine in Germany and the Askervein Hill in Scotland. Comparisons of predictions with previous work, and laboratory and field data, show that the RNG-based k– model gives the best agreement with respect to the flow profiles and length of the separated flow region. The results of this model are analyzed with a non-linear stress-strain relation to gauge the potential effect of turbulence anisotropy.     

基于高空与地面观测的阿克苏河流域气候水文要素变化分析

本研究基于地面和高空资料,分析了阿克苏河流域1960—2015年的气候和水文变化特征,并探讨了高空气候变量在径流反演中的作用。结果表明,在全球变化背景下,阿克苏河流域地表温度呈显著升高趋势,线性倾向率为0.18℃/10a（-0.09~0.43℃/10a);流域降水总体呈增加趋势,增加速率为10.42 mm/10a（2.23~21.11 mm/10a)。阿拉木图、伊宁和库车3个高空探测站的0℃层高度总体呈上升趋势。相对于1960—1989年,1990—2015年3个站的0℃层高度分别增加了88.9 m、29.4 m和7.2 m。联合使用地面气温、降水和高空0°层高度资料,能显著提高阿克苏河流域夏季流量反演效果。     

A New Single Vacuum Furnace Design for Cosmogenic 3He Dating

Helium‐3 is a stable cosmogenic isotope that can be used to determine the time interval during which a rock sample has been at or close to the Earth’s surface. As a result of the high production rate of ‘cosmogenic’³He (≈ 130 at g^?1 year^?1) and the low detection limit of modern mass spectrometers, it is possible to date exceptionally young surfaces (≈ 1000 years). The precision and accuracy of cosmogenic ³He measurements depend critically on the passive helium blank (produced by the metalwork of the extraction furnace) which can be significant relative to the sample signals. We have developed and constructed, at the CRPG (Nancy, France), a new high temperature furnace (< 1500 °C) to extract helium in minerals such as apatite, pyroxene and olivine at 1050, 1350 and 1450 °C, respectively. The furnace demonstrated an excellent helium extraction yield (> 99% for olivine and pyroxene for heating times of 20–30 min and temperatures in the range 1050–1450 °C) and low residual helium contributions (the blank, obtained under the same analytical conditions as for sample extraction: 1 × 10^?15 mole ⁴He and < 4 × 10^?21 mole ³He). This is approximately an order of magnitude lower than those reported by other laboratories using conventional furnaces.     

Reassessment of HF/HNO3 Decomposition Capability in the High‐Pressure Digestion of Felsic Rocks for Multi‐Element Determination by ICP‐MS

Complete dissolution is essential to obtain accurate analytical results for geological samples. Felsic rocks are known to be very difficult to dissolve because of the presence of refractory minerals such as zircon. In this study, we undertook a systematic evaluation of the effect of the HF/HNO₃ ratio, digestion time, digestion temperature, digested test portion mass and the presence of insoluble fluorides on analytical results for the felsic rock GSP‐2 using high‐pressure HF and HF/HNO₃ digestion. Digestion in mixtures of HF and HNO₃ acids is a commonly used method of dissolution for geological samples. However, our results clearly indicate that adding HNO₃ inhibited the digestion capabilities of HF for refractory minerals such as zircon. It took 8–12 hr for Zr to be completely recovered in GSP‐2 at 190 °C, whereas it needed about 36 and 72 hr at 160 and 140 °C, respectively. White precipitates were observed in the final solution for test portion mass > 100 mg, irrespective of which of the five different digestion solutions was used (1 ml HF, 2 ml HF, 1 ml HF + 0.5 ml HNO₃, 1 ml HF + 1 ml HNO₃ and 1.5 ml HF + 1.5 ml HNO₃). Environmental scanning electron microscopy showed that these precipitates were mainly composed of AlF₃. Instead of further HCl, HNO₃ or HClO₄ attack, we propose that using ultra‐fine samples and a small sample size is a good way to avoid the formation of insoluble residues (e.g., fluorides). To further investigate the precision and accuracy of the proposed method (using HF alone as the digestion solution during the first acid attack step), a suite of silicate rock reference materials was analysed. Most of the results were found to be in reasonable agreement with the reference values, with a relative error of < 10%.