电离层异常原因分析与建模

分析了地震、磁暴、太阳耀斑等自然现象引发电离层异常的物理机制,并总结了电离层异常的特点。针对电离层中电子分布受地磁、太阳热辐射和地壳变动等影响较大,基于抛物层和赤道双峰模型建立了电子密度呈高斯型分布的电离层异常模型,为进一步研究电离层异常的耦合机制提供了依据。     

日本地震预警系统日趋完善

日本是全球第一个建立地震预警系统的国家,在3·11日本9.0特大地震时发挥了作用.本文介绍了日本预警系统在3·11地震时,东京地区公众在地震S波最大震动之前收到地震报警信息,得以避险.介绍了日本地震预警系统技术和在全国实施的概况,指出地震预警工程是一个复杂社会工程.日本从预警技术到能够为公众服务,采用的方式和体制,是值...     

An Isotope Dilution ICP‐MS Method for the Determination of Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca Ratios in Calcium Carbonate

Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios in calcium carbonate are important components of many palaeoclimate studies. We present an isotope dilution method relying on a single mixed spike containing ²⁵Mg, ⁴³Ca and ⁸⁷Sr. Dozens of samples per day, as small as 10 μg of carbonate, could be dissolved, spiked and run in an ICP‐MS with a precision of 0.8% (2 RSD). Two instruments types, a sector field and a quadrupole ICP‐MS, were compared. The best long term precision found was 0.4% (2 RSD), although this increased by up to a factor of two when samples of very different Mg or Sr content were run together in the same sequence. Long term averages for the two instruments concurred. No matrix effects were detected for a range of Ca concentrations between 0.2 and 2 mmol l^‐1. Accuracy, tested by measuring synthetic standard solutions, was 0.8% with some systematic trends. We demonstrate the strength of this isotope dilution method for (a) obtaining accurate results for sample sets that present a broad Mg and Sr range and (b) testing solid carbonates as candidate reference materials for interlaboratory consistency. Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca results for reference materials were in good agreement with values from the literature.     

GSD‐1G and MPI‐DING Reference Glasses for In Situ and Bulk Isotopic Determination

This paper contains the results of an extensive isotopic study of United States Geological Survey GSD‐1G and MPI‐DING reference glasses. Thirteen different laboratories were involved using high‐precision bulk (TIMS, MC‐ICP‐MS) and microanalytical (LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS, LA‐ICP‐MS) techniques. Detailed studies were performed to demonstrate the large‐scale and small‐scale homogeneity of the reference glasses. Together with previously published isotopic data from ten other laboratories, preliminary reference and information values as well as their uncertainties at the 95% confidence level were determined for H, O, Li, B, Si, Ca, Sr, Nd, Hf, Pb, Th and U isotopes using the recommendations of the International Association of Geoanalysts for certification of reference materials. Our results indicate that GSD‐1G and the MPI‐DING glasses are suitable reference materials for microanalytical and bulk analytical purposes.     

An improved numerical simulation mode of nonlinear wave with consideration of high order terms

In this paper the 0-1 combined BEM is adopted to subdivide the computational domain boundary,and to discretize the Green’s integral expression based on Laplace equation.The FEM is used to subdivide the wave surface and deduce the surface equation which satisfies the nonlinear boundary conditions on the surface.The equations with potential function and wave surface height as an unknown quantity by application of Taylor expansion approach can be solved by iteration within the time step.In m-time iteration within the computational process of time step(n-1)Δt to nΔt,the results of the previous iteration are taken as the initial value of the two-order unknown terms in the present iteration.Thus,an improved tracking mode of nonlinear wave surface is established,and numerical results of wave tank test indicate that this mode is improved obviously and is more precise than the previous numerical model which ignored the two-order unknown terms of wave surface location and velocity potential function in comparison with the theoretical values.     

Spatial distribution of soil shear-wave velocity and the fundamental period of vibration – a case study of the Saguenay region,Canada

The spatial distribution of soil shear-wave velocity and the fundamental period of vibration were selected as input parameters for the determination of potential seismic site effects in the Saguenay region, Canada. The methodology used in this study involved three clear steps. First, a 3D geological model of the surficial deposits was built taking into consideration the type, spatial distribution and thickness of the deposits. Second, representative average V_s values were determined for each of the major soil units. Finally, the average shear-wave velocity from the ground surface to bedrock (V_sav), the shear-wave velocity of the upper 30 m (V_s30) and the fundamental site resonance period (T₀) were calculated over a regular grid for the study area. The results include the spatial distribution of the fundamental site resonance period, the average shear-wave velocity in the first 30 m of the ground and the spatial distribution of National Building Code of Canada seismic soil classes for the Saguenay region.     

Geochemistry of an ENE–WSW to NE–SW trending ∼2.37 Ga mafic dyke swarm of the eastern Dharwar craton,India: Does it represent a single magmatic event?

A vast tract of ENE–WSW to NE–SW trending mafic dyke swarm transects Archaean basement rocks within the eastern Dharwar craton. Petrographic data reveal their dolerite/olivine dolerite or gabbro/olivine gabbro composition. Geochemical characteristics, particularly HFSEs, indicate that not all these dykes are co-genetic but are probably derived from more than one magma batch and different crystallization trends. In most samples the La^N/Lu^N ratio is at ∼2, whereas others have a La^N/Lu^N ratio >2 and show higher concentrations of high-field strength elements (HFSEs) than the former group. As a consequence, we assume that the ENE–WSW to NE–SE trending mafic dykes of the eastern Dharwar craton do not represent one single magmatic event but were emplaced in two different episodes; one of them dated at about 2.37 Ga and another probably at about 1.89 Ga. Trace element modelling also supports this inference: older mafic dykes are derived from a melt generated through ∼25% melting of a depleted mantle, whereas the younger set of dykes shows its derivation through a lower degree of melting (∼15%) of a comparatively enriched mantle source.     

汶川8.0级地震青川县乡镇砖混结构民房震害调查及原因浅析

对位于汶川8.0级地震烈度区度区的青川县乡镇砖混结构民房破坏现象进行了调查和整理,分析了灾区砖混结构民房震害原因.参照现行《建筑抗震设计规范》（GB 50011-2010）、《建筑抗震鉴定标准》（GB 50023-2009）中对砖混结构房屋一般要求条款,探讨了居民自建砖混结构民房采用一般抗震措施的安全限度.     

粗粒土等压固结与K0固结三轴试验比较

对某堆石坝覆盖层砂卵砾石料进行了不同干密度试样中型三轴试验,试验包括常规各向等压固结的三轴排水剪试验（CID试验）和各向不等压（K0）固结的三轴排水剪试验（CK0D试验）,对试验结果进行对比分析,研究2种试验方法对试验结果的影响。结果表明,2种试验所得到的应力—应变关系曲线总体规律比较一致,大小略有差异,CK0D试验的剪胀性比CID试验明显;不同围压下,2种试验的偏应力峰值差异（相对峰值）平均幅值为3.9%;对应3种密度（2.17、2.22、2.40g/cm3）,CK0D试验各围压下的平均内摩擦角分别比CID试验的内摩擦角大0.88°、0.48°、0.43°;随着密度增大,2种试验的强度均显著增大,且强度指标随密度近似线性增大。列出并比较了2种试验的邓肯模型参数,两者没有显著的差异。     

甘肃省西秦岭龙得岗斑岩铜矿地质特征和区域找矿标志

本文系统分析和总结了甘肃西秦岭龙得岗斑岩铜矿成矿地质背景和成矿特征,研究了成矿条件、成矿规律、成矿模式:印支、燕山期沿岷县-合作断裂带以北的中秦岭前陆盆地构造区岩浆频繁活动,岩浆携带了较丰富的成矿物质,岩浆在上升、侵位和演化过程中,不断萃取围岩中的成矿物质,使其不断富集,在岩体冷凝成岩过程中,因固结收缩,边部产生裂隙,成矿物质不断富集的残余岩浆沿边部裂隙贯入,充填及富集沉淀,在成矿有利部位交代形成"斑岩型"铜矿(化)体,部分富Cu流体在有利部位富集沉淀,形成"热液型"铜矿脉。系统总结了找矿标志,燕山早期花岗闪长(斑)岩及接触带,有自然重砂及Cu、Pb、Ag、Zn地球化学异常地段为找矿有利地段,对西秦岭地区同类型矿产的找矿工作具有一定的指导意义。