证据推理的遥感图像分类方法与应用

遥感图像分类一直是遥感研究领域的核心问题。然而,传统遥感分类方法在地物复杂地区不能取得满意效果。不但分类精度不够理想,分类灵活性也存在不足。本文尝试引入证据推理"软"分类方法,选择小兴安岭山区一景TM遥感图像,基于用户知识和经验,通过人机交互处理,以累计信任度(CBV)最大为划分像元归类的原则得到证据推理方法的分类图像。结果表明,整体分类精度从最大似然法的78.74%提高到82.28%,kappa系数从0.67提高到0.71。但该方法对于裸地分类精度不高,通过人为设定各类别CBV阈值的方法,获得了人为干预的证据推理方法分类图,其整体分类精度达到了87.80%,kappa系数也达到了0.81,所有类别的生产者和用户精度相比于最大似然法都有提高。研究表明,证据推理方法在遥感分类精度和分类灵活性方面都具有优越性。     

基于孕灾环境的全球台风灾害链分类与区域特征分析

在全球气候变化与经济一体化的背景下,台风引发的次生灾害构成灾害链,加剧人口、经济等多方面的损失。以2000-2010年案例数据为基础,依据台风所经过区域的孕灾环境特性,提出了全球台风灾害链分类体系,并统计得出类型与强度的区域特征：在西北太平洋,主要发生于山地（丘陵）区（占34.4%）,强度为3.1;在南太平洋,主要发生于岛屿区（占59.2%）,强度为2.6~3.0;在北印度洋,主要发生于河口海岸区（占35.8%）,强度为0.7~0.9;在南印度洋,主要发生于平原区（占31%）,强度为2.6;在北大西洋与东北太平洋,主要发生于平原海岸区（分别占24.7%与31.2%）,强度分别为2.0~2.3和2.3。研究结果可为台风灾害链自动识别、动态模拟与预测提供理论基础,用以支持区域防灾减灾建设与应急响应策略制定。     

丽江市古城周边“城中村”更新的社会经济发展策略研究

丽江作为历史文化名城旅游开发的成功案例,经济快速发展,近年来,古城的旅游市场已趋于饱和,其周边土地的开发活动频繁,“城中村”现象显现出来.以研究丽江古城周边“城中村”的更新改造为目标,针对丽江“城中村”的特殊性,从社会学的视角探讨古城周边“城中村”地区在更新过程中社会经济结构的转变,研究如何构筑城乡一体的新型经济、社会空间格局.     

面向预警的台风灾害预评估指标体系探讨

台风灾害预评估对防灾减灾具有重要意义,其指标体系的构建是一个理论性强的基础工作,目前尚无成熟的标准．对灾害预评估的概念从灾害预警的视角做出了进一步的界定;从灾害系统论出发,借鉴自然灾害风险评估与损失评估的指标体系及其评估方法,以台风灾害为研究对象,分析了现有预评估指标体系存在的问题,并提出了一个台风灾害预评估的指标体系,对该指标体系的适用性进行了讨论．     

Graphics processing unit-based dynamic volume rendering for typhoons on a virtual globe

Typhoons are usually accompanied by strong winds, heavy rain, storm surges and other disastrous events, and they are the most severe weather phenomena in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean. Visualisation is a key technology for analysing and presenting climate simulations and observations together with related social and ecological data. Virtual globes are a logical platform for visualising such geospatial data via the Internet. To implement interactive visualisation of typhoon data within virtual globes, this study provides a 3D texture-mapping algorithm to render volume textures on a globe. In addition, a systematic framework is proposed in which a hierarchical octree-based multiresolution data structure is implemented to organise the large volume dataset, and a graphics processing unit-based dynamic interpolation approach is proposed to obtain a smooth effect. Finally, the structure is combined with a level of detail strategy to enable the rendering of dynamic volumetric data at an acceptable interactive frame rate. To demonstrate the capabilities of this framework, data for a simulated typhoon event were rendered in World Wind, an open-source virtual globe. The experimental results demonstrate that the application of the proposed strategies can result in an interactive visualisation performance that renders typhoon data on virtual globes.     

Effects of Drag Coefficients on Surface Heat Flux during Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014)

The lack of in situ observations and the uncertainties of the drag coefficient at high wind speeds result in limited understanding of heat flux through the air-sea interface and thus inaccurate estimation of typhoon intensity in numerical models. In this study, buoy observations and numerical simulations from an air-sea coupled model are used to assess the surface heat flux changes and impacts of the drag coefficient parameterization schemes on its simulations during the passage of Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014). Three drag coefficient schemes, which make the drag coefficient increase, level off, and decrease, respectively, are considered. The air-sea coupled model captured both trajectory and intensity changes better than the atmosphere-only model, though with relatively weaker sea surface cooling (SSC) compared to that captured by buoy observations, which led to relatively higher heat flux and thus a stronger typhoon. Different from previous studies, for a moderate typhoon, the coupled simulation with the increasing drag coefficient scheme outputted an intensity most consistent with the observation because of the strongest SSC, reasonable ratio of latent and sensible heat exchange coefficients, and an obvious reduction in the overestimated surface heat flux among all experiments. Results from sensitivity experiments showed that surface heat flux was significantly determined by the drag coefficient-induced SSC rather than the resulting wind speed changes. Only when SSC differs indistinctively (<0.4°C) between the coupled simulations, heat flux showed a weak positive correlation with the drag coefficient-impacted 10-m wind speed. The drag coefficient also played an important role in decreasing heat flux even a long time after the passage of Kalmaegi because of the continuous upwelling from deeper ocean layers driven by the impacted momentum flux through the air-sea interface.     

浅析“大同睡佛”断块山地貌景观的成因及保护

地质遗迹是地球发展变化过程中给人类留下的宝贵财富,具有科研价值、学术价值及观赏价值.“大同睡佛”断块山地貌景观与大同云冈石窟遥相呼应,对发展当地的旅游事业有重要意义.根据“大同睡佛”断块山地貌景观区的地质特征探讨了其形成原因,提出了对大同保护措施建议.     

三种仿寿山“坑头冻”印材的宝石矿物学特征

为研究缅甸翡翠中的哪些部位适合做烧红处理以及该部位能被烧红的原因,采用加热实验、偏光显微镜、红外光谱及差热分析方法对缅甸翡翠样品的原生部位、雾部位的加热前、后的特征进行了测试与分析。结果显示,翡翠中的蓝雾部位及黄雾部位适合做烧红处理,原生部位不适合烧红处理,蓝雾部位可以被烧成黄色及红色,黄雾部位可以被烧成红色。雾部位适合用来做烧红处理的原因在于,在低温的加热条件下,蓝雾部位中的大量的Fe2＋发生价态变化,实现由绿泥石向针铁矿的转变所导致,该过程由表及里逐步进行。原生部位的主要矿物硬玉需被加热更高的温度,在破坏其晶格的情况下,才可以呈现出红色,且该红色不具有褐色调。     

双TC和梅雨锋共同作用下的一次暴雨过程分析

通过NCEP再分析资料计算各种物理量和应用卫星云图、雷达资料,并用WRF中尺模式做数值模拟,从动力过程、水汽输送过程、中小尺度系统等3个方面对TC和梅雨锋共同作用在浙北产生的一次暴雨过程进行分析。结论如下:(1)动力过程特点:300 hPa急流出口区辐散,中层3支气流汇合形成变形场锋生,产生强烈上升运动。低层TC外围的东南气流输入暖平流和湿位涡,使海上台风倒槽向北传播发展,最终形成气旋。TC高层流出气流对梅雨锋南侧垂直环流的维持有利;(2)水汽主要由两个TC外围的环流输送;(3)卫星云图和雷达回波显示有不同的降水云团合并且有加强的过程。用WRF中尺模式做数值模拟显示:700 hPa中小尺度的切变线或辐合区与强降水回波相对应。过程主要特点是中低层两个TC外围的气流与西风带气流在华东地区汇合,形成变形场锋生,产生强烈的辐合上升。在不同的气流汇合后产生了强急流输送水汽,加强垂直环流和中小尺度的辐合,是强降水产生的主要原因。西南季风经过台风绕流后在合适的环境场下仍有可能到达华东地区,这时往往与中纬度西风带汇合,在这种情况下会加强梅雨降水。     

Impact of Cloud Microphysical Processes on the Simulation of Typhoon Rananim near Shore. Part I: Cloud Structure and Precipitation Features

By using the Advanced Regional Eta-coordinate Model (AREM), the basic structure and cloud features of Typhoon Rananim are simulated and verified against observations. Five sets of experiments are designed to investigate the effects of the cloud microphysical processes on the model cloud structure and precipitation features. The importance of the ice-phase microphysics, the cooling effect related to microphysical characteristics change, and the influence of terminal velocity of graupel are examined. The resu...