新息向量的抗差Kalman滤波方法及其在UWB室内导航中的应用

针对超宽带（ultra wideband,UWB）室内导航中非视距（non line of sight,NLOS）测距误差会大幅降低导航精度以及系统噪声的不确定性导致滤波精度不高的问题,提出了一种基于新息向量的抗差Kalman滤波方法。该方法在UWB室内导航线性化模型的基础上,利用单个新息值构造抗差因子矩阵,从而消除非视距测距误差的影响,同时对系统噪声协方差矩阵进行实时估计和修正。实验结果表明,该方法不但能有效地消除非视距测距误差对导航解算的影响,而且能进一步提高导航解算的精度和稳定性。     

顾及空间非平稳特征的遥感干旱监测

遥感技术具备实时快速、时空连续、广覆盖尺度等独特优势,在全球气候恶化大背景下,利用遥感干旱监测方法相比于传统地面监测手段,能够提供实时、准确、稳定的旱情信息,辅助科学决策。目前常用遥感旱情监测方法大多依赖全域性数学模型建模,假定了旱情模式的空间平稳特性,因而难以准确反映旱情模式的局部差异特征。本文提出利用地理加权回归模型GWR (Geographically Weighted Regression),考虑旱情模式的空间非平稳特性,综合多种遥感地面旱情监测指数,以实现传统全域旱情监测模型的局部优化。以美国大陆为研究区,监测2002年—2011年共10年的旱情状态。研究表明,GWR模型能够提供空间变化的局部最佳估计模型参数,监测结果更加吻合标准美国旱情监测USDM (U.S Drought Monitor)验证数据,且与地面实测值的最高相关系数R达到0.8552,均方根误差RMSE达到0.972,显著优于其他遥感旱情监测模型。GWR模型具备空间非平稳探测优势,实现了旱情模式的局部精细探测,能够显著提升遥感旱情监测精度,具备较好的应用前景。     

基于CORS的区域大气增强产品对实时PPP的影响

精密单点定位（precise point positioning,PPP）的初始化速度是制约PPP实时应用的主要因素。基于连续运行参考系统（continuously operating reference system,CORS）获取大气改正产品可以改善非组合PPP收敛时间,同时可定量探究各类大气产品对实时PPP浮点解的影响,并评估产品的精度与有效性。实时PPP实验结果表明,相对于传统PPP模式,引入电离层产品使PPP东方向收敛时间显著改善,北方向与高程方向次之,且基于非组合PPP方法获取的区域PPP电离层产品（分别改善85%、61%、18%）优于无几何距离组合相位平滑伪距方法获取的区域平滑电离层产品;引入对流层产品对高程方向的收敛时间有显著改善（52%）。而相较于单一产品和其他产品组合约束,区域PPP电离层产品和区域对流层产品组合约束PPP拥有更好的性能,对东、北、高程方向分别改善85%、63%、69%。     

非等时距灰色预测模型在基坑监测中的应用

采用插值原理,将非等时距的基坑监测数据转换成等时距的数据,建立非等时距灰色预测模型,并结合实际监测数据对该模型进行检验和分析。结果表明,该模型的预测值和实际监测值相差很小,为基坑监测数据处理提供了参考。     

GNSS接收机DCB短期时变特征分析和估计方法

提出一种使用非差非组合精密单点定位(PPP)估计和分析接收机DCB短时时变特征的方法。首先利用非差非组合PPP得到包含接收机DCB的重构电离层参数估值;然后通过IGS电离层GIMs格网模型内插剥离各历元站星斜向电离层距离延迟;最后通过最小二乘约束得到各历元接收机DCB解。由于格网本身精度(2~8 TECU)和插值精度限制,解算出来的接收机DCB并不能真实反映其短期时变特征。为此,提出利用站间单差或者历元间差分的方法还原其真实的变化态势。实验结果表明,所提出的方法能够正确估计接收机DCB,并能真实还原其短期时变特征,具有良好的适用性。     

内蒙古地区四季和年降水量趋势分析

利用1970—2019年内蒙古地区110个国家站降水量资料,采用经验正交函数(EOF）分析、重标极差分析(R/S)和非周期循环分析,统计四季和年降水量时间序列的Hurst指数(H)、分维数(D)和非周期循环的平均循环长度,分析降水量变化趋势和记忆周期。结果表明：(1)内蒙古地区年降水量变化呈增多趋势,其中在东部的偏东地区增多最显著,变化趋势具有持续性特征,持续时间为8 a,但在内蒙古西部的偏南地区和东部的局地区域年降水量呈减少趋势;(2)春季、秋季和冬季年降水量的年代变化呈增多趋势,夏季呈减少趋势,特别是冬季在东部的偏北地区的个别区域Hurst指数H=1,呈现完全预测特征,降水量未来趋势为增多趋势且通过95%的显著性检验;(3)四季降水量过去的增量与未来的增量都呈正相关,夏季降水量减少趋势的持续性最弱,冬季降水量增多趋势的持续性最强,春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的记忆长度分别为8 a、8 a、9 a和10 a。     

三杯风速传感器非水平风场测量性能

为解决三杯风速传感器在计量检定条件下与观测场景中环境差异所导致的测量数据误差,致力于研究空气流速计量标准在量值传递过程中的真实性、准确性和一致性,为新一代三杯风速传感器作为计量器具的新产品型式评价提供思路和参考指标,依据杯式测风仪测量方法与自动气象站风速风向传感器检定规程,并在实验中加入了主体由角度编码器构成的自动化转盘系统,设计了三杯风速传感器在非水平风场内测量性能水平实验。通过调整三杯风速传感器在风洞试验段内的倾斜角度,模拟其在自然界非水平风场中的测量状态,同步采集风洞的标准指示风速、三杯风速传感器的实测风速以及其相应的倾斜角度,计算示值误差,利用方差分析、趋势分析、相关性分析和线性回归分析等统计方法,对不同倾斜角度下三杯风速传感器示值误差进行研究,得出了三杯风速传感器在风洞试验段内的示值误差与实测风速和倾斜角度之间的相关关系,提出了三杯风速传感器在非水平风场下的测量性能指标。研究了三杯风速传感器在非水平风场中实测风速与标准风速和倾斜角度的回归关系,提出了三杯风速传感器在计量环境下非水平风场中数据的量值传递修正算法。     

Wavelet analysis and nonparametric test for climate change in Tarim River Basin of Xinjiang during 1959–2006

Using wavelet analysis, regression analysis and the Mann-Kendall test, this paper analyzed time-series (1959–2006) weather data from 23 meteorological stations in an attempt to characterize the climate change in the Tarim River Basin of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Major findings are as follows: 1) In the 48-year study period, average annual temperature, annual precipitation and average annual relative humidity all presented nonlinear trends. 2) At the 16-year time scale, all three climate indices unanimously showed a rather flat before 1964 and a detectable pickup thereafter. At the 8-year time scale, an S-shaped nonlinear and uprising trend was revealed with slight fluctuations in the entire process for all three indices. Incidentally, they all showed similar pattern of a slight increase before 1980 and a noticeable up-swing afterwards. The 4-year time scale provided a highly fluctuating pattern of periodical oscillations and spiral increases. 3) Average annual relative humidity presented a negative correlation with average annual temperature and a positive correlation with annual precipitation at each time scale, which revealed a close dynamic relationship among them at the confidence level of 0.001. 4) The Mann-Kendall test at the 0.05 confidence level demonstrated that the climate warming trend, as represented by the rising average annual temperature, was remarkable, but the climate wetting trend, as indicated by the rising annual precipitation and average annual relative humidity, was not obvious.     

Decomposition analysis on direct material input and dematerialization of mining cities in Northeast China

Material dematerialization is a basic approach to reduce the pressure on the resources and environment and to realize the sustainable development. The material flow analysis and decomposition method are used to calculate the direct material input (DMI) of 14 typical mining cities in Northeast China in 1995-2004 and to analyze the demateri-alization and its driving factors in the different types of mining cities oriented by coal, petroleum, metallurgy and multi-resources. The results are as follows: 1) from 1995 to 2006, the increase rates of the DMI and the material input intensity of mining cities declined following the order of multi-resources, metallurgy, coal, and petroleum cities, and the material utilizing efficiency did following the order of petroleum, coal, metallurgy, and multi-resources cities; 2) during the research period, all the kinds of mining cities were in the situation of weak sustainable development in most years; 3) the pressure on resources and environment in the multi-resources cities was the most serious; 4) the petro-leum cities showed the strong trend of sustainable development; and 5) in recent years, the driving function of eco-nomic development for material consuming has continuously strengthened and the controlling function of material utilizing efficiency for it has weakened. The key approaches to promote the development of circular economy of min-ing cities in Northeast China are put forward in the following aspects: 1) to strengthen the research and development of the technique of resources' cycling utilization, 2) to improve the utilizing efficiency of resources, and 3) to carry out the auditing system of resources utilization.     

多相位水平集高分辨率遥感影像非监督分类

高空间分辨率遥感影像(特别是城区场景)常表现出高的光谱异质性、地物细节丰富且地物拓扑关系复杂等特点,这对影像分类产生较大干扰,导致分类精度不高。针对以上情况提出一种新的非监督多相位水平集分类方法:该方法以基于区域竞争思想及Bayes准则的多相位水平集分类框架作为高分辨率遥感影像分类的基础,通过采用Parzen窗非参数密度估计方法来改善复杂场景下样本概率密度估计的准确性,从而增加分类模型的抗干扰能力;此外,为提高多水平集模型演化效率,在模型求解中提出一种简单而有效的水平集函数重初始化方案。通过与前人工作的试验对比及分析,验证了提出的模型在复杂场景及存在上述干扰的情况下表现出好的分类效果。