巩义市加强检查严防强降雨引发次生灾害

入汛以来,巩义市累计降雨量达l87毫米,比往年偏多五成,且降雨范围广,强度大,极易发生滑坡、崩塌、危房垮塌等地质灾害。近日,巩义市政府抽调国土、安监、水务、住建、交通、文物旅游等部门工作人员成立联合督导组,对全市范围内的地质灾害防治工作进行检查指导,督促各单位落实责任,完善措施,严防强降雨引发的次生灾害。     

天津暴雨无人员伤亡

继7月21日北京特大暴雨后,25日、26日天津暴发20多小时的强降雨。全市平均降雨量达到133.3毫米,最大降雨出现在西青区,为195.0毫米,造成中心城区30余片积水,23座地道断交。静海、东丽、津南、西青、北辰、滨海新区大港等6个区县城区出现不同程度积水片,其中静海的薛庄子更是达到235.2毫米,236万亩农田被淹。由于防御措施及时,并未造成人员伤亡。27日大部分积水已清理完毕,人们恢复了正常的生活生产     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND MESOSCALE ANALYSIS OF A TORRENTIAL RAIN CAUSED BY TYPHOON

A heavy storm rainfall caused by Typhoon Acre (No.0418) when landing at Fujian has been successfully simulated by using AREM model. The simulation result is scale-separated by spatial band-pass filtering, which reveals the mesoscale low pressure and convergence line that has direct impact on this rainfall process. The physical characteristics of the two mesoscale systems and their relation with rainfall are also analyzed. Study shows that there exists a well corresponding relationship between the storm rainfall and mesoscale divergence and strong updraft arising from the convergence, which is caused by the interactions between the mesoscate systems and topographic features, and is directly responsible for the rainfall.     

华北山区坡地产流规律研究

Simulated rainfall is a valid tool to examine the runoff generation on the slope. 13 simulated rainfall experiments with different rainfall intensities and durations are completed in a 5 m ×10 m experimental plot in mountainous area of North China. Simultaneously, rainfall, surface runoff, soil-layer flow, mantel-layer flow and soil moisture are monitored respectively. From the results, it is found that the hydrographs in all layers have the characteristics of rapid rise and fall. The recessions of surface flow and soil-layer flow are much faster than that of mantel-layer flow. Surface flow, the main contributor, makes up more than 60% of the total runoff in the study area. It even exceeds 90% in the cases of high intensity rainfall events. Runoff coefficient (ratio of total runoff to rainfall amount) is mainly influenced by rainfall amount, rainfall intensity and antecedent soil moisture, and the relationship can be well ex-pressed by a multiple linear regression function a = 0.002P + 0.1821 + 4.88Wa - 0.821. The relation between the rainfall intensity and the lag time of three flows (surface runoff, soil-layer flow and mantel-layer flow) is shown to be exponential. Then, the result also shows that the recession constant is 0.75 for surface runoff, is 0.94 for soil-layer and mantel-layer flow in this area. In this study area, the dominant infiltration excess runoff is simulated by Horton model. About 0.10 mm/min percolation is observed under the condition of different rainfall intensities, therefore the value is regarded as the steady infiltration rate of the study area.     

潘家口水库入库水资源变化趋势及影响因素

采用滑动平均和线性回归法对潘家口水库1956~2003年入库径流进行了分析,探讨了影响径流变化的基本因素,给出了降雨量、用水量和下垫面等因素变化对径流量变化贡献程度的定量估算方法。结果表明:入库径流呈不规则的周期波动变化,且整体呈较为明显的减小趋势;降雨量、用水量和下垫面等因素变化是影响径流量变化的主要因素,特别是下垫面的变化,其贡献程度可达70%左右。     

黔东南夏季干旱指数及气候规律研究

以降雨量、蒸发量和前期降雨量为参数，定义了黔东南夏季干旱指数，并用该指数对黔东南的夏季干旱进行了等级划分；计算了1971～2000年夏季干旱指数，以此对黔东南夏旱的气候规律作了分析，得出了黔东南夏季干旱的时空变化规律。     

Reconstruction of climatic change quantitatively with dissolved noble gases in groundwaters

One kind of climatic proxies only can describes the comparative change of temperature or rainfall, but dissolved noble gases in groundwater can be used to date groundwater, calculate temperature and rainfall, and this method can give the exact change value of three parameters in one time. Dissolved noble gases in groundwater has four sources, radioactivity-formed noble gases which are from radioactive decay of some radioactive elements in the aquifers, balance-dissolved noble gases from dissolved air in balance condition in the course of supplying, excess noble gases from excess air for groundwater-air mixing and water table changing during infiltrating, and outer-interfused noble gases from outer interfusing air in open conditions during runoff. Because the contents of radioagenic noble gases in groundwater are correlated to flowing time, such as He, the age of groundwater can be dated with 4He based on the solubility of He and the radioactive intensity of aquifers. The solubility of noble gases is the function of temperature. We can compare the contents of balance-dissolved noble gases in groundwater with the temperature-solubility experimental curves of noble gases, and calculate the forming temperature of groundwater. The contents of excess noble gases are related to the water column of infiltration which can reveal the volume of rainfall in a given period of time in general, and it may increase along with the pressure of aquifers when groundwater table rises greatly. So we can calculate the value of rainfall by comparing the contents of excess noble gases in groundwater samples with those in modem groundwater. Reconstruction of climatic change on a quantitative basis with the method of dissolved noble gases in Hebei plain （China） shows that the temperature changed from 3.8 to 19.7℃ in the past forty thousand years, it decreased to 3.8℃ in 16000 a B.P. but higher than 19.7℃ in 5060 a B.P. The rainfall was about 600mm during 40000 to 15000 a B.P., then decreased gradually to 410mm in 11000 a B.P., but subsequently increased to 950mm in 4400 a B.P. The change of noble gas temperature is consistent with 180 shift, and 6D varied with the change of other climatic proxy, such as rainfall.     

GPS遥感大气可降水量在暴雨天气过程分析中的应用

利用北京市气象局地基GPS监测试验网遥感大气可降水量（PWV）数据，分析2004年汛期暴雨天气过程PWV的变化特征及其与降雨量、降雨强度的关系；通过分析地面、高空的位势高度场、风场，以及比湿外水汽通量Q及水汽通量散度AQ等物理量诊断场分布，研究天气系统与大尺度水汽输送、辐合的关系，大尺度水汽输送、辐合与PWV变化的关系；探讨GPS遥感大气水汽资料在预报强降雨天气过程中的应用。得出：PWV的增长方式受当地天气系统的支配和制约，对于明显降雨过程，当地面、高空天气系统有利于暖湿空气的输送时，在北京附近形成等湿度线密集区，PWV逐渐增长（降雨开始前的13-24h）的趋势；当地面、高空有辐合系统东移或生成，或有中小尺度天气系统影响时，PWV显著增长（降雨开始前的3～4h）；当PWV大于某阈值后出现较强降雨，PWV值及增量的大小与降雨量的大小没有明显的关系。