C3植物碳同位素在旱季和雨季中的变化

通过对C3植物在旱季和雨季的碳同位素测定，在尽可能将其它因素影响分离开的自然环境下，主要研究了降水因素对植物碳同位素组成的影响。结果显示，C3植物在旱季的δ^13C组成较雨季明显偏重，同时发现，不同植物种的δ^13C组成在旱季与雨季中的变化程度不一样，说明不同植物种对水分变化的响应程度有差别。     

步步为营抗击“莫拉克”

8月9日,今年以来第一个严重影响温州的台风“莫拉克”不期而至。它携历史罕见的破纪录降雨量,正面袭击温州,造成严重灾害。     

不同权重的前期和始发日降雨量与泥石流产沙规模的分析——特大型泥石流灾害发生的思考

通过对特大型泥石流灾害发生的思考,详细分析了蒋家沟1995—1997年43场泥石流暴发的不同权重的前期和始发日降雨量与泥石流产沙规模的关系。分析结果表明：泥石流的产沙规模与不同权重降雨的入渗范围、深度的土体极限应力状态（C、Ф、P,）有关。根据不同权重的前期和始发日降雨量与泥石流产沙规模的关系,可以将泥石流分为：土力型（A）和迳流型（B）两大类型。土力型（A）泥石流有24场占总样本的55．81％,而其产沙量却占样本总产沙量的85％。迳流型（B）泥石流有19场占总样本的44．19％,但该类泥石流的产沙量只占样本总产沙量的15％。     

EVALUATION OF EROSION PRODUCTIVITY IMPACT CALCULATOR （EPIC） MODEL FOR MIDDLE MOUNTAIN REGION OF NEPAL

This study verifies the applicability of EPIC model for an erosion plot (61 .2 m~2) and an uplandterraced watershed (72 ha) using a total of 94 rainfall events over a study period of two years. Inorder to analyze the effect of storm size on runoff and soil loss processes, rainfall events aredivided into three groups: small (<25mm), moderate (25--50mm) and large (>50mm). Resultsindicate that the model could predict reasonably well the runoff and soil loss from the erosion plotand the watershed for the moderate and large rainfall events. However, the runoff and soil lossprediction for the small rainfall events is found to be poor. On annual basis, both surface runoff andsoil loss predictions match well the observations. In ligh of the importance of the moderate andlarge rainfall events in producing most of the annual runoff and soil loss in the study area, the EPICmodel is applied to assess the impacts of erosion on agricultural productivity and to evaluatemanagement practices to protect watersheds in the     

华北山区坡地产流规律研究

Simulated rainfall is a valid tool to examine the runoff generation on the slope. 13 simulated rainfall experiments with different rainfall intensities and durations are completed in a 5 m ×10 m experimental plot in mountainous area of North China. Simultaneously, rainfall, surface runoff, soil-layer flow, mantel-layer flow and soil moisture are monitored respectively. From the results, it is found that the hydrographs in all layers have the characteristics of rapid rise and fall. The recessions of surface flow and soil-layer flow are much faster than that of mantel-layer flow. Surface flow, the main contributor, makes up more than 60% of the total runoff in the study area. It even exceeds 90% in the cases of high intensity rainfall events. Runoff coefficient (ratio of total runoff to rainfall amount) is mainly influenced by rainfall amount, rainfall intensity and antecedent soil moisture, and the relationship can be well ex-pressed by a multiple linear regression function a = 0.002P + 0.1821 + 4.88Wa - 0.821. The relation between the rainfall intensity and the lag time of three flows (surface runoff, soil-layer flow and mantel-layer flow) is shown to be exponential. Then, the result also shows that the recession constant is 0.75 for surface runoff, is 0.94 for soil-layer and mantel-layer flow in this area. In this study area, the dominant infiltration excess runoff is simulated by Horton model. About 0.10 mm/min percolation is observed under the condition of different rainfall intensities, therefore the value is regarded as the steady infiltration rate of the study area.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND MESOSCALE ANALYSIS OF A TORRENTIAL RAIN CAUSED BY TYPHOON

A heavy storm rainfall caused by Typhoon Acre (No.0418) when landing at Fujian has been successfully simulated by using AREM model. The simulation result is scale-separated by spatial band-pass filtering, which reveals the mesoscale low pressure and convergence line that has direct impact on this rainfall process. The physical characteristics of the two mesoscale systems and their relation with rainfall are also analyzed. Study shows that there exists a well corresponding relationship between the storm rainfall and mesoscale divergence and strong updraft arising from the convergence, which is caused by the interactions between the mesoscate systems and topographic features, and is directly responsible for the rainfall.     

降雨及库水位联合作用下秭归八字门滑坡稳定性预测

针对三峡库区库水位调控方案和极端降雨情况,对秭归县八字门滑坡稳定性分析设置了10种计算工况,采用SEEP/W软件模拟该滑坡在降雨入渗及库水位联合作用下的暂态渗流场,并利用SLOPE/W软件,将暂态孔隙水压力分布用于该滑坡的极限平衡分析中,确定不同工况下（不同降雨强度）的滑坡稳定性系数,据此采用降雨量对该滑坡进行失稳预测。研究认为：150 mm/d以上的降雨量对该滑坡影响较大,降雨入渗具有滞后性;在相同的降雨量情况下,1 d的降雨强度比5 d的连续降雨对滑坡体的稳定性影响更明显;在水位从175 m降至145 m的过程中,临界雨量为100 mm/d时,滑坡就可能失稳;水位从145 m升至175 m的过程中和175 mm稳定水位时,当临界雨量为200 mm/d时,滑坡才可能失稳,即水位骤降过程中滑坡失稳概率大。不同工况下的滑坡土体含水率分析结果表明,降雨影响的主要是上部土体,下部土体含水率受控于地下水位,即降雨更容易引起浅层滑坡与局部滑坡     

巩义市加强检查严防强降雨引发次生灾害

入汛以来,巩义市累计降雨量达l87毫米,比往年偏多五成,且降雨范围广,强度大,极易发生滑坡、崩塌、危房垮塌等地质灾害。近日,巩义市政府抽调国土、安监、水务、住建、交通、文物旅游等部门工作人员成立联合督导组,对全市范围内的地质灾害防治工作进行检查指导,督促各单位落实责任,完善措施,严防强降雨引发的次生灾害。     

守土有责 不辱使命——余姚市国土资源局抗洪救灾工作纪实

10月6日,今年第23号强台风“菲特”向浙江南部和福建北部沿海直扑而来,给余姚带来了连续强降雨。全市过程雨量达到了561毫米,最大降雨量达到819毫米,百年一遇。受连续强降雨影响,余姚的山塘、水库、河网水位不断上升,姚江余姚段最高水位达533米,超警戒水位1．56米,为建国以来的最高记录。     

天津暴雨无人员伤亡

继7月21日北京特大暴雨后,25日、26日天津暴发20多小时的强降雨。全市平均降雨量达到133.3毫米,最大降雨出现在西青区,为195.0毫米,造成中心城区30余片积水,23座地道断交。静海、东丽、津南、西青、北辰、滨海新区大港等6个区县城区出现不同程度积水片,其中静海的薛庄子更是达到235.2毫米,236万亩农田被淹。由于防御措施及时,并未造成人员伤亡。27日大部分积水已清理完毕,人们恢复了正常的生活生产