长江和长江口高含量无机氮的主要控制因素

根据1998－1998年长江和长江口河水和雨水的现场调查、历史资料以及相关文献，定量分析长江流域无机氮的主要来源和输送调查。估算表明，降水无机氮、农业非点源氮（化肥和土壤流失的氮）和点源污水氮的输入分别占长江口无机氮输出通量的62．3％、18．5％和14．4％。氮的降水输入是长江口高含量无机氮的主要来源，进入长江的降水氮仅仅大约占长江流域全部降水氮的36．8％。降水米要受控于化肥气态损失、化石燃料及动植物过程中释放的物质等。实际上，化肥N的气态损失和农业非点源流失大约占长江流域年化肥N使用量的60％，这是控制长江口高含量无机氮的关键因素。     

影响海洋站观测数据准确性因素分析及对策

海洋站观测数据广泛应用于海洋防灾减灾、科学研究、经济发展、国防建设等各个领域,其准确性对于数据应用各个领域的重要性不言而喻。文章从当前影响海洋站观测数据准确性问题分析入手,从观测设施、仪器设备、人力资源、运行管理、质量控制方面,提出提高海洋站观测数据准确性的对策,以期对提升海洋站观测数据质量有一定的借鉴意义。     

相关观测误差污染模型

本文以双因子方差一协方差膨胀模型为基础，较详细地讨论了大地测量中可能出现的相关观测误差污染模型。将异常污染误差统分为附加异常误差和整体膨胀误差。进一步再细分为独立误差污染、相关误差污染及整体误差污染三类情形。在方差-协方差传播定律的基础上，将受污染后的观测方差-协方差转换成双因子方差膨胀模型，给出了各类污染模型昕对应的方差-协方差膨胀因子。分析了各类污染模型在实际应用中可能存在的问题。     

DSG4型降水现象仪故障检修方法

为总结DSG4型降水现象仪故障的检修方法,提高故障排查效率,在介绍该信号设备的硬件结构组成和各结构故障现象的基础上,结合故障检修经验,分别针对该设备供电系统、传感器和采集系统说明具体的检测维修方法,提出了从故障现象入手进行针对性排查的实际检修工作原则,列举维修实例,为台站应对该类型降水现象仪故障提供一定的的技术参考。     

中国西北地区东部盛夏降水特征及对初春地表感热异常的响应

选用1961-2015年中国西北地区74个气象站逐月地表感热通量计算资料,及其东部155个常规气象站夏季的月降水资料以及NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,通过经验正交函数分解(EOF)、线性回归分析、奇异值分解(SVD)等数理统计分析方法,分析了西北地区东部盛夏(7-8月)降水的时空异常演变特征及其与西北地区初春(3-4月)地表感热异常的联系及成因。结果表明:(1)中国西北地区东部盛夏降水由东南向西北递减,总体呈年代际减少趋势,减少最明显的区域为宁夏北部、内蒙古中南部。其空间异常型主要表现为全区一致的增多(减少)和西北-东南向"-+-"变化。(2)当西北地区初春(3-4月)地表感热通量整体异常偏强(弱)时,盛夏(7-8月),在贝加尔湖以南、中国北方的上空出现高度场异常偏高(低),中国西北地区水汽辐散(辐合)加强,西北地区东部宁夏平原降水出现异常偏少(偏多);而陕西南部有水汽的辐合(辐散)加强,有(不)利于该地区降水的产生。     

1957～2004年盘锦芦苇湿地的气候变化特征分析

利用1957～2004年盘锦湿地常规气象资料,分析了盘锦湿地的日照、温度、降水和风速的变化特征。结果表明:日照时数的月变化呈双峰曲线,5月和9月表现为日照高峰,7月为日照低谷;近48 a盘锦湿地的年平均气温呈显著的上升趋势,冬季增温最明显,其次为春季,夏季增温最弱,年平均极端最低温度呈显著的上升趋势;近48 a的年平均风速呈显著的下降趋势,月平均风速变化趋势呈双峰曲线。     

平台基海洋环境立体监测系统的研制及应用

介绍了一种基于海洋石油平台的海洋动力环境立体监测系统的系统组成和工作原理。该平台基监测系统由气象监测系统、浮标监测系统、有缆潜标监测系统、测波雷达、通信和岸站系统五部分组成,开展风、浪、流、内波等环境参数的长期、定点监测,并通过平台网络系统实时传输测量数据。经过海上长期试验表明该系统能够稳定可靠地在平台上运行,可为中国油气资源开发走向深海提供可靠的技术支撑和安全保障。     

多元均生函数模型及其在短期气候预测中的应用

在原均生数模型的基础上，对模型进行改进，首次引入预报因子变量，建立一个多元的均生函数模型。它适应于气温、降水、热带气旋个数等多种要素预报。新建的多元均生函数模型包含了原模型的优点。而且比原有均生函数模型具有更物理基础。     

A Case Study on the Triggering of Thermal Convective Precipitation

Thermal convective precipitation （TCP） often occurs over mainland China in summer when the area is dominated by the western Pacific subtropical high （WPSH）. It is well known that the WPSH often brings about large scale subsidence, then why could deep moist convection occur and where does the water vapor come from？ In this paper, a deep convective precipitation case that happened on 2 August 2003 is studied in order to address these two questions. First, the characteristics of the TCP event are analyzed using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） satellite data, automatic weather station observations, and the data from the US National Centers for Environmental Prediction （NCEP）. Second, water vapor sources are identified through examining surface evaporation, water vapor advection, and water vapor flux divergence calculated by using a regionally averaged water vapor budget equation. Furthermore, using an Advanced Regional Eta-coordinate Model （AREM）, contributions of sensible and latent heat fluxes to the TCP are compared through four sensitivity experiments. The results show that in the regions controlled by the WPSH, surface temperature rises rapidly after sunrise. Upon receiving enough sensible heat, the air goes up and leads to convergence in the lower atmosphere. Then the water vapor assembled from the surroundings and the ground surface is transported to the upper levels, and a favorable environment for the TCP forms. A model data diagnosis indicates that about half of precipitable water comes from the convergence of horizontal fluxes of water vapor, and the other half from surface evaporation, while little is from advection. Additional sensitivity experiments prove that both sensible and latent heating are essential for the onset of the TCP. The sensible heat flux triggers thermodynamic ascending motion, and the latent heat flux provides water vapor, but the contribution to TCP from the latter is a little smaller than that from the former.     

The Relationship between the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet and Summer Precipitation over East Asia as Simulated by the IAP AGCM4.0

Based on a 30-year Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project（AMIP） simulation using IAP AGCM4.0, the relationship between the East Asian subtropical westerly jet（EASWJ） and summer precipitation over East Asia has been investigated, and compared with observation. It was found the meridional displacement of the EASWJ has a closer relationship with the precipitation over East Asia both from model simulation and observation, with an anomalous southward shift of EASWJ being conducive to rainfall over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley（YHRV）, and an anomalous northward shift resulting in less rainfall over the YHRV. However, the simulated precipitation anomalies were found to be weaker than observed from the composite analysis, and this would be related to the weakly reproduced mid-upper-level convergence in the mid-high latitudes and ascending motion in the lower latitudes.