基于生态系统服务价值评估的我国集中连片重点贫困区生态补偿研究

本文基于2010年Landsat TM/ETM+数据,HJ-1卫星CCD数据,MODIS17A3净初级生产力数据和土壤,气候的地面实测数据,采用以生态系统服务价值为基础的区域差异化生态补偿估算方法,对中国14个集中连片贫困区生态补偿标准进行了估算.研究结果表明,2010年中国14个集中连片贫困区生态系统服务总价值达20 627.4亿元,与同年该区域GDP总量 22 096.2亿元大体相当,在南疆三地州,四省藏区和西藏片区3个西部片区,每年的生态系统服务总价值为GDP总量的2-12倍,这对保障中国生态安全具有重要意义.在14个集中连片特困区,生态补偿所需资金每年约为1971.0亿元,平均每县约为2.9亿元.目前,国家给予的生态补偿资金与此相比严重不足,即使是接受一般性财政转移支付的国家重点生态功能区,其各县市平均每年接受补偿资金也仅为0.94亿元,不到所需金额的1/3.生态补偿资金不足不但给各片区扶贫工作带来巨大压力,也带来了严重的生态风险.因此,生态补偿资金增量的投入可能是解决集中连片特困区贫困问题关键所在,在此增量补偿资金基础上,集中连片特困区可建立以国家购买生态产品为主,开发性扶贫增长为辅的可持续经济增长模式,这可能是彻底解决中国集中连片特困地区贫困问题的基本途径.     

一类多物种生态模型的稳定性

应用李雅普诺夫直接法研究了一类多物种生态模型的稳定性，给出了系统的局部和全局稳定性的充分条件。     

Resource Flows of Villages with Contrasting Lifestyles in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Central Himalaya, India

Resource use efficiency analyses of village ecosystem are necessary for effective and efficient planning of resource utilization. This paper deals with economic and energy input-output analyses of different components of village ecosystem in representative buffer zone villages, which are practicing transhumance and settled way of lifestyles in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve （NDBR） of Garhwal Himalaya. While the villages practicing transhumance used various natural resources spatially segregated,the villages practicing settled way of lifestyle have to manage resources from a limited spatial area through rotation and varied extraction intensities. Forests subsidized the production activity in both type of villages and the per capita resource extractions were found to be greater in tran~humance village than settled village. Though crops provided maximum energy, in terms of economic criteria, animal husbandry played important role in both settled and transhumance villages. As villages representing both the situations showed different ways of adjustments to the conservation oriented land use changes, management authority needs to address the eco-development plans fulfilling the aspirations of all people traditionally using the resources of the Reserve to reduce the conflicts and encourage their participation in the conservation of the area.     

黄河三角洲湿地3年增长20万亩

为有效保护黄河三角洲的湿地生态平衡。近年来，国家通过采取引灌黄河水、沿海修筑围堤、增加湿地淡水存量等措施，切实增强了保护区生态系统的自身调节能力和平衡作用，改善了鸟类的生存环境。经过近3年的改造，已经有超过20万亩的盐碱地变成了湿地资源，促进了国土资源的综合利用。     

Simulation of coupled pelagic-benthic ecosystem of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass

A one-dimensional coupled pelagic-benthic box model for the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass （YSCWM） is developed. The model is divided into three boxes vertically according to the depths of thermocline and euphotic layer. It simulates well the oligotrophic shelf ecosystem of the YSCWM considering effects of nutrients deposition and microbial loop. Main features of vertical structure of various variables in ecosystem of the YSCWM were captured and seasonal variability of the ecosystem was well reconstructed. Calculation shows that the contribution of microbial loop to the zooplankton can reach up to 60%. Besides, input of inorganic nutrients from atmospheric deposition is an important mechanism of production in upper layer of the YSCWM when stratified.     

Cultural characteristics of chromium resistant unicellular cyanobacteria isolated from local environment in Pakistan

Many unicellular cyanobacteria were isolated from different places： fields, ponds, polluted water, and soils from Muredkey and Kasur tannery areas, near Lahore, Pakistan. Different media like BG 11 medium, Bold Basal medium, Chu＇s # 10 medium and Gotham＇s medium, in standard forms and with slight variations of ingredients, and different pH, temperature and light regimes were checked for the optimum growth of the isolates. The isolation pro- cedure was repeated with different concentrations of chromium to select the resistant strains. These selected strains grew on chromium of the range 100-200 μg/ml in BG 11 medium. Cyanobacteria were maintained in solid and liquid media with/without shaking. Cyanobacterial strains were collected from natural habitats that were accompanied by a diversified group of organisms including bacteria, protozoan, and rotifers etc. In order to eliminate these agents termed as contaminants, we used several methods including phenol treatment, use of antibiotic and careful manual picking of unicellular cyanobacteria. Resistance of these strains against different heavy metals （ZnSO4, MnSO4, NiSO4, COCl2, Pb（NO3）3, CuSO4, HgCl2, AgNO3 and CdCl2） and antibiotics （erythromycin, streptomycin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, neomycin） was evaluated. Optimum temperature was 30℃ with variable pH for the reduction of Cr^6＋ in to Cr^3＋ in majority of strains.     

为了渔业的明天——湿地支撑着渔业的健康发展

湿地包括多种类型，珊瑚礁、滩涂、红树林、湖泊、河流、河口、淡水沼泽、沼泽森林、盐沼和盐湖等。湿地与森林、海洋并称三大生态系统，是自然界富有生物多样性的自然景观和人类最重要的生存环境之一，具有调节径流、调节气候、蓄洪防旱、美化环境等多种作用，被称为“地球之肾”。     

青州市地质公园被正式认定为省级地质公园

目前，青州市地质公园建设顺利通过省专家团评审论证，该公园被正式认定为省级地质公园。专家组经考察后认为，青州市地质公园自然风景优美、地质地貌景观遗迹、动植物资源丰富，生态系统完整，特别是仰天山“天然森林公园”内，大量的地表岩溶形态与地下洞穴系统以及岩溶沉积堆积组成的岩溶建造，含信息量大，连续性好，组合性强，是重建古环境的重要物质基础，具有极高的科学价值，建设条件得天独厚。     

黄河三角洲土地利用与土地资源可持续开发--以东营市为例

黄河三角洲：共和国最年轻的国土 黄河三角洲位于渤海湾和莱州湾沿岸,是黄河以巨量泥沙堆积在人海口附近而形成的扇面状陆地,在自然地理上,它是古代、近代和现代三角洲叠加形成的复合体。古代三角洲以蒲城为顶点,西起套尔河口,南达小清河口,陆上面积约7200平方公里。1855年黄河从铜瓦厢（今兰考县东坝头)决口,经大清河故道于利津县东北老爷庙牡蛎嘴入渤海,建造了以宁海为顶点、西起套尔河口、南抵支脉沟口附近的近代三角洲,陆上面积约5400平方公里。     

我国7年内将建225个湿地保护区：按地域划分有东北湿地区等8个保护区

湿地是人类最重要的环境资本之一，也是自然界富有生物多样性和较高生产力的生态系统。它不但具有丰富的资源，还有巨大的环境调节功能和生态效益。