Assessment of reservoir sedimentation effect on coastal erosion in the case of Nestos River,Greece

Coastal erosion that is generated by the reduction of the annual sediment yield at river outlets, due to the construction of reservoirs, constitutes one of the main environmental problems in many parts of the world. Nestos is one of the most important boundary rivers, flowing through Bulgaria and Greece, characterized by its great biodiversity. In the Greek part of the river, two reservoirs, the Thisavros Reservoir and the Platanovrysi Reservoir, have already been constructed and started operating in 1997 and 1999, respectively. The present paper constitutes the first attempt where the assessment of reservoir sedimentation effect on the coastal erosion for the case of the Nestos River delta and the adjacent shorelines is addressed in detail, through mathematical modeling, modem remote sensing techniques and field surveying. It is found that the construction and operation of the considered reservoirs have caused a dramatic decrease （about 83%） in the sediments supplied directly to the basin outlet and indirectly to the neighbouring coast and that this fact has almost inversed the erosion/accretion balance in the deltaic as well as the adjacent shorelines. Before the construction of the reservoirs, accretion predominated erosion by 25.36%, while just within five years after the construction of the reservoirs, erosion predominates accretion by 21.26%.     

青海湖东克土沙区风沙运动规律及防治对策

起沙风况、输沙势和输沙量是反映风沙活动强度的3个重要指标。以青海湖东克土流沙区的风况资料为依据,结合实地风沙观测数据,分析了区域的风沙活动特征。结果表明:(1)3\,4\,5月(主要风沙活动期)起沙风出现的比率分别是0.40、0.47\,0.53,起沙风速集中于6~16 m·s^-1,占统计时段的91%,高能起沙风速(达到16 m·s^-1及其以上的风速)集中在16:00-20:00。(2)研究区域总体上属于高能风况环境,3月和5月输沙势的风向变率都小于0.3,表明风向变幅大,风能不集中,对于沙区周围公路和草原的危害从不同的方向推进。(3)观测期间各方位输沙量总和为503.67 kg,NE、ENE、E和ESE 4个方位的输沙量最大,占总输沙量的43.56%。     

输沙量与风速关系的几个问题

输沙量及其强度是风沙危害程度的重要指标。在沙源丰富、地面干燥、平坦、无结构,无植被时,输沙量应正比于风速的三次方。但在输沙量与风速之间的经验回归方程中,V的方次有的大于3,这仅仅是数学计算产生的结果,为的是更好的配合回归曲线,V的方次高了,相应的V前面的系数必然会较小,反之亦然。风力可以吹动的最大沙粒质量与风速的6次方成正比。但风力能携带的总输沙量仍与风速的3次方成正比,二者不可混淆。一定风速下输沙的大颗粒多了,小颗粒就相对减少,总的输沙量仍然不变。     

蒋家沟泥石流输沙年际变化及其灾变预测

根据云南东川蒋家沟泥石流年输沙量的时序资料,分析了蒋家沟泥石流输沙的年际变化特征,发现历年输沙量变动幅度大,波动明显且年际变化频繁,用灰色系统理论的灾变预测方法,建立泥石流年输沙量的等维新息灾变预测模型,能够对未来可能出现的灾变年份进行较好的预测。在前期研究基础上,补充最新观测资料,建立了新的灾变时间序列和相应的等维新息灾变预测模型,使蒋家沟泥石流的年输沙量灾变预测得以连续进行,并对预测结果进行了检验,效果较为理想。     

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT CAPACITY -AN IMPROVED BAGNOLD FORMULA

This paper re-examines Bagnold’s theorem of sediment transport. Different from the stream power defined by Bagnold, i.e., τoV, this study shows that the total load of sediment-laden flow, gt, is related to near bed energy dissipation rate, i.e., τou*’. An attempt is made to explain the empirical relation. The ratio (=k) of measured total load, gt, to the product of near bed velocity, u*’, and energy dissipation rate, τou*’, is analyzed. It is found that k is independent of the Rouse number, Z, if Z is greater than 2.6, but the coefficient k decreases with the increase of Z when Z < 2.6. An empirical relation between k and Z is developed. A systematic and thorough analysis of 1,458 sets of data collected from 16 rivers and canals confirms that the proposed formula can be used to compute the total load with accuracy.     

RESPONSE OF SEDIMENT DISCHARGE TO ECOHYDROLOGICAL FACTORS IN LUERGOU CATCHMENT BASED ON WAVELET ANALYSIS

The response of sediment discharge rate to the following four ecohydrological factors: temperature, rainfall, evapotranspiration (ET), and stream flow was evaluated by conducting wavelet analysis on Luergou small catchment data ranging from 1982 to 2000. For sediment discharge rate, there was an overall trend of reduction that included a periodic oscillation of 6 to 7 years per cycle. Rainfall also had an overall trend of reduction that included two periodic oscillations of 7 years per cycle and 2 years per cycle, respectively. Stream flow had the same trend as rainfall but had one periodic oscillation of 6 to 7 years per cycle. In contrast with rainfall and stream flow, the trends for temperature and ET each showed an overall increasing tendency, and both had the same two periodic oscillations of 6 to 7 years per cycle and 4 years per cycle, respectively. The sediment discharge rate had significant relationships with the four ecohydrological factors, with stream flow and rainfall having positive correlations, while ET and temperature had negative correlations. The correlation between ET and sediment discharge rate became stronger when ET was compared to the sediment discharge rate of the following year. The relationship between sediment discharge rate and the four ecohydrological factors was further expressed by the multi-linear regression model that was constructed, which makes sediment discharge rate a function of stream flow, rainfall, ET, and temperature.     

廉州湾沉积动力作用与泥沙运移

利用近年来廉州湾所观测的水文、悬沙资料，分析了廉州湾的泥沙运动与沉积动力作用。结果表明：（1）湾内主要泥沙来源于河流输沙，落潮输沙量大于涨潮输沙量，在丰水期河流输沙量更为显著；(2)河口区悬沙运动呈现出上出下进、西出东进的趋势，湾内水下三角洲仍缓慢向前淤进。     

长江口北槽南导堤越堤输沙运动的时空变化特征研究

通过现场观测对长江口北槽南导堤越堤输沙运动的时空变化特征进行的研究表明:(1)南导堤沿程各测点各涨落潮过程单宽越堤净输沙量存在良好的线性相关关系;(2)S4—S7和S2—S3区段越堤输沙强度大,是主要输沙通道;(3)南导堤年平均越堤净输沙量约为296.6 Mt,其中洪季、枯季分别占年均越堤净输沙量的62.24％和37.76％.     

2000-2017年河龙区间输沙量锐减归因分析

2000年以来,黄河输沙量锐减。科学认识黄河输沙量变化原因,具有重要意义。以河龙区间为研究对象,分析了河龙区间输沙量变化趋势,构建了梯田、淤地坝以及植被等大规模生态建设措施的减沙贡献率计算方法,阐述了2000-2017年河龙区间输沙量锐减原因,针对河龙区间输沙量变化趋势和治理格局,提出了河龙区间治理对策。主要结论为：① 1952-2017年,河龙区间年降水量无显著变化趋势,研究区年输沙量呈现极显著减少趋势（p < 0.001）;② 1979年和1999年为研究区输沙量发生突变的两个时间节点（p < 0.05）,1952-1979年区间年均输沙量为9.30亿t,1980-1999年区间年均输沙量为4.20亿t,2000-2017年均输沙量大幅降至1.03亿t,降幅达89%;③ 受植被和梯田共同影响,2000-2015年研究区坡面土壤侵蚀量变化介于1.90亿~5.13亿t之间,且呈下降趋势;2000-2011年河龙区间淤地坝年均拦沙量为1.38亿t;④ 植被恢复是河龙区间输沙量减少的主要原因,贡献率为54%,梯田和淤地坝合计贡献了34%,水库拦沙和引水取沙贡献了12%;⑤ 植被恢复主要导致径流含沙量降低,而淤地坝建设主要降低了流域泥沙输移比。     

近60年来嘉陵江流域水沙变化特征

嘉陵江是长江上游流量较大的一条支流,也是三峡水库重要的泥沙来源地,近年来,流域内产流产沙规律均发生了显著变化。本文基于Spearman相关分析、Mann-Kendall检验等方法,分析了北碚站1954—2017年间径流、泥沙序列变化特征,并结合气象要素、人类活动情况等讨论了主要影响因素。结果表明:(1)近60年来嘉陵江流域径流量呈微弱下降趋势,而输沙量呈大幅度下降趋势,近几年来的输沙量延续了前50年的下降趋势;(2)径流量分别在1967年和1985年发生突变,输沙量在1968年发生突变(p0.05);(3)降水主要影响嘉陵江流域径流量变化,而生态工程建设、水利工程运行等人类活动是输沙量减少的主要因素,在减沙贡献中,水利工程的减沙效益大于生态工程。本文的研究结果对于防洪、河道整治和河流管理具有指导意义。