简易器材的深空天体摄影

深空天体摄影作为天文观测的一个重要手段,被普遍应用在广大爱好者的天文观测中。看着动辄数万元的高级赤道仪、望远镜（AP0）、天文CCD（冷冻CCD）、自动导星系统。对于很多天文爱好者来说犹如水中花、镜中月,可望而不可及。那么,一架简易的赤道仪、一支普通的天文望远镜、一部廉价的入门级单反相机,这些简单的器材组合在一起可以做深空天体摄影吗？可以,完全可以。只要选择正确的方法、适当的改造和精细调试与操作、以及精心的后期处理。     

第5届亚太地区天文奥赛理论答案

低年组： 1、大气折射。在北极冰层上的北极熊,在到达高度为H的某一点时,能够看到全部的赤道。如果没有大气折射,这样的点是不存在的。在考虑折射的情况下,R;（H＋R）tan35′,其中R为地球半径。因此H=R／（1／tan35′1）≈97．2R=620000km。     

东半球越赤道气流的年际变化特征及其与我国同期气温、降水的相关性

利用NCEP/NCAR全球再分析资料分析了东半球冬、夏两季越赤道气流的年际变化特征,以及与中国160个站点同期气温、降水的相关性.分析表明:越赤道气流的年际变化夏季强于冬季,索马里急流并不显著影响到总量的变化,而冬季最强通道与总量变化关系密切.夏季越赤道气流总量在1950年代后期和1970年代中期有两次剧增,并与冬季一样都在1994～1995年有一次剧减.东半球夏季越赤道气流与中国同期降水的相关性很小,但在1970年代突变前后的相关性明显不同,原因与东亚夏季风的关系密切.冬季越赤道气流与中国同期南北的气温的相关随着越赤道气流与不同地区海平面气压的相关性的不同而不同.     

VARIATION FEATURES OF SOMALI CROSS-EQUATORIAL FLOW AND ITS IMPACT ON THE LOCATION OF THE SUBTROPICAL HIGH RIDGE FROM JULY TO SEPTEMBER

The variation features of the cross-equatorial flow and its impact on the ridge position of the subtropical high have been analyzed in this paper. It is shown as follows. (1) The intensity of the Somalicross-equatorial flow is increasing in winter and summer in the past 44 years and the airflow of Northem Hemisphere exchanges more and more intensively with that of Southern Hemisphere. (2) The Somalicross-equatorial flow in May has the most impact on the ridge position of the subtropical high in the typhoon season, presenting a positive correlation. (3) The diagnosis is consistent with the real situation in 2005.     

A CLIMATOLOGY OF EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC

Based on best-track data and JRA-25 reanalysis, a climatology of western North Pacific extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclone (TC) is presented in this paper. It was found that 35% (318 out of 912) of all TCs underwent ET during 1979–2008. The warm-season (June through September) ETs account for 64% of all ET events with the most occurrence in September. The area 120°E–150°E and 20°N–40°N is the most favorable region for ET onsets in western North Pacific. The TCs experience ET at latitudes 30°N–40°N and have the greatest intensity in contrast to other latitude bands. The distribution of ET onset locations shows obviously meridional migration in different seasons. A cyclone phase space (CPS) method was used to analyze the TC evolution during ET. Except for some cases of abnormal ET at relatively high latitudes, typical phase evolution paths—along which TC firstly showed thermal asymmetry and an upper-level cold core and then lost its low-level warm core—can be used to describe the main features of ET processes in western North Pacific. Some seasonal variations of ET evolution paths in CPS were also found at low latitudes south of 15°N, which suggests different ET onset mechanisms there. Further composite analysis concluded that warm-season ETs have generally two types of evolutions, but only one type in cold season (October through next May). The first type of warm-season ETs has less baroclinicity due to long distance between the TC and upper-level mid-latitude system. However, significant interactions between a mid-latitude upper -level trough and TC, of either approaching or being absorbed into the trough, and TC’s relations with downstream and upstream upper-level jets, are the fingerprints for both a second type of warm-season ETs and almost all the cold-season ETs. For each type of ETs, detailed structural characteristics as well as precipitation distribution are illustrated by latitude.     

NUMERICAL MODELING STUDY OF EFFECTS OF EASTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL ON ENSO

In this study, sensitivity experiments were conducted with the Zebiak-Cane ocean-atmosphere coupled model forced by the wind stress anomaly from the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data to study the impacts of eastern Pacific warm pool on the formation and development of ENSO events. The effects of climatological mean sea surface temperature of the warm pool on forecast skill during the ENSO events of 1982–1999 are more considerable that those of climatological mean meridional winds and ocean currents. The forecast skill for the 1997/1998 El Ni?o event is characterized by sensitivity to climatological mean sea surface temperature and anomalies of northerly winds and currents. The forecast skill is found insensitive to climatological mean northerly meridional winds and currents.     

Drought reconstruction in the Qilian Mountains over the last two centuries and its implications for large-scale moisture patterns

We present a composite tree-ring chronology from two sites of Qilian Juniper(Sabina przewalskii)in the northwestern Qilian Mountains(QM),Northwestern China.Precipitation in June was found to be the main limiting factor for tree-growth.The tree rings are also significantly and positively correlated with June precipitation over large areas of the northern Tibetan Plateau(TP).The authors thus consider that the tree- ring based drought reconstruction from 1803–2006 is representative of a large area drought hist...     

赤道不稳定波能量收支的数值模拟分析

最新海表温度卫星观测资料分析表明在赤道东太平洋和大西洋附近存在赤道不稳定波（tropical instability waves）。赤道不稳定波通常于每年春末夏初出现,以约0.6 m/s速度向西传播,周期为20~40天左右,波长约为1 000~2 000 km,可改变赤道附近海洋的热量平衡,并引发强烈的局地海气作用。利用CCSR/NIES/FRCGC AOGCM MIROC 100年的模式输出结果,计算了赤道不稳定波的爆发时间、波长、传播速度、周期,并与观测资料作对比分析,以考察模式对赤道不稳定波的模拟能力。结果表明,模式较好地再现了热带太平洋的海洋内部中尺度动力-热力作用过程,成功模拟了赤道不稳定波的基本特征,发现赤道不稳定波主要存在赤道南北不超过6个纬度的浅层海洋中,除赤道表层外4~6 ?N海洋温跃层中也有赤道不稳定波。对赤道不稳定波的能量进行诊断分析表明其能量主要来自赤道附近洋流经向切变产生的正压不稳定,赤道以北海洋温跃层中赤道不稳定波能量主要来自由浮力作用产生的斜压不稳定,两者的共同作用形成了赤道不稳定波的赤道不对称结构。     

北京师范大学天文系50年回顾

1952年底院系合并,原辅仁大学从事天文和气象教学工作的刘世楷教授来到北师大物理系,他们在前苏联理论物理学家苏什金的协助下成立了天文教学小组。为提高实验水平,物理系主任祁开智教授向原民主德国订购了一架口径130毫米的蔡司折光赤道仪。