基于定向片模型的SPOT-5遥感影像自检校光束法平差

本文通过建立内方位自检校模型,利用定向片模型对外方位元素进行内插建模,建立了基于定向片模型的自检校光束法平差,研究不同控制点数量和不同定向片间隔对定位精度的影响,并利用河南嵩山地区SPOT-5遥感影像数据对模型进行了实验验证和分析,结果表明,平面精度可以达到10.06m,高程精度可以达到8.84m.     

Calculating Pollution Indices by Heavy Metals in Ecological Geochemistry Assessment and a Case Study in Parks of Beijing

Pollution index is a powerful tool for ecological geochemistry assessment. The commonly used pollution indices by heavy metals in soils and sediments were classified as two types of single index and integrated index in an algorithm point of view. Four single indices of contamination factor (or concentration factor), ecological risk factor, enrichment factor, and index of geo-accumulation were illustrated, and the reference values for calculating single indices were distinguished into background levels and threshold pollution values. Eight integrated indices were divided into two groups. One group is suitable for the normal distribution single indices including the sum, average, weighted average,vector modulus, and Nemerow pollution indices, and the other for log-normal distribution including the product, root of product, and weighted power product pollution indices. Using background levels as reference values, five contamination classes were divided, and the terminologies are suggested for the single and integrated indices to unify the assessment results. Software of EGAPI was developed in a single document interface to calculate the four single and eight integrated indices by heavy metals to assess the quality of soil and sediment ecological geochemistry. Pollution indices by heavy metals of Cu,Pb, and Zn in soils in parks of Beijing were calculated using EGAPI software, and these five contamination classes and terminologies suggested in this study were evaluated and used. Results ofintegrated indices of Cu, Pb, and Zn in soils indicated that the soil qualities are unpolluted as a whole and varied from low polluted to unpolluted status from the center to the outskirts of Beijing City.     

QZSS/IRNSS对BDS在中国定位性能增强的评估

通过STK软件对BDS、QZSS、IRNSS卫星星座结构仿真的基础上,选择BDS、BDS/QZSS、BDS/IRNSS、BDS/QZSS/IRNSS、QZSS/IRNSS等定位方式对中国大陆单观测站与整体范围最小可见卫星数、GDOP值、定位误差进行覆盖分析,确定了QZSS与IRNSS在我国的覆盖范围及对BDS定位性能增强作用的评估。结果表明,BDS/QZSS/IRNSS组合在我国的最小可见卫星数可达16~21颗,GDOP值在1.4~1.7之间,定位误差达5.5~7.5m,相比单BDS定位最小可见卫星数增加了6~8颗,GDOP值减小了0.3~0.5,定位精度提升了2.0~3.0m,对华南地区的定位性能有明显提升,而对东北等地区定位性能的提升较小。     

土质场地重力式挡土墙地震土压力振动台实验研究

汶川震区路基挡土墙震害表明,地震动荷载作用下重力式挡墙的位移、破坏与基础场地形式有关,除岩质场地和土质场地挡墙所共有的外倾形式,土质地基挡土墙还表现有整体推移及下部向外推移的倾转变形等复杂模式,因此地震土压力大小及分布也将受到这种复杂土-结相互作用的影响。基于碎石土及风化花岗岩填料的土质场地重力式挡土墙大型振动台模型实验,对挡土墙地震土压力及变形模式开展了对比研究,发现在强震作用下,土质地基挡墙因基础约束较弱而产生位移,并伴随明显的墙—土分离现象,致使实测地震土压力较之抗震设计规范计算值偏小（0.4g峰值加速度下约小6%～15%）,但作用点高度变化不大。由实验结果与现行抗震规范计算值的安全系数对比,认为对土质场地挡墙的地震土压力计算,按现行国内抗震设计规范基本能满足实际工程抗震设计需要;对于地震区挡墙设计,在允许挡墙发生少量容许位移的前提下可采用内摩擦角较大、自稳能力更好的墙背填料以减少地震土压力。     

中国大陆及其邻区8级地震活动图像特征的初步研究及趋势评估(二)

1 8级左右地震趋势评估依据及其初步结果 1．1 以汶川8．0级地震为例、介绍进行趋势预测的几个依据 1．1．1 汶川地震的地点预测依据     

基于等高线隔断线确定DEM适宜分辨率的方法研究

分辨率是等高线数据插值生成格网DEM数据过程中需要考虑的一个重要参数,适宜的分辨率既能将等高线高程信息尽可能保留,又不会因插值造成数据冗余及误差。基于对格网DEM生成方式的理解,提出了等高线隔断线的相关概念,分析了基于地形图矢量化的等高线数据插值生成格网DEM数据,由不同长度等高线隔断线频率统计来确定格网适宜分辨率参考值的方法。同时,不同长度等高线隔断线的长度与其频率相乘得到标准长度,以及等高线隔断线中心点生成的密度分析图,均可在频率特征决定适宜分辨率参考值时起到一定的参考作用。通过样区实验验证,实现简便,可度量性强,与其他相关研究具有一致性,对确定适宜格网分辨率参考值具有一定的借鉴意义。     

不同固结状态下黄土坡滑坡滑带土的蠕变试验研究

为了研究黄土坡滑坡滑带土在不同固结状态下的蠕变特性,首先采用单向加载、加载—卸载、加载—卸载—再加载的方式分别固结滑带土,然后开展滑带土在不同固结状态下的剪切蠕变试验。试验结果表明:滑带土初始孔隙比为0.49,压缩系数a_1-2介于0.37～0.45 MPa^-1之间,属中等压缩性土;滑带土在单向加载至上覆压力后的孔隙比最大,压缩量最小,加载—卸载至上覆压力后的孔隙比最小,压缩量最大,加载—卸载—再加载至上覆压力后的孔隙比和压缩量介于二者之间。对于初始状态相同的滑带土,在经历不同加载—卸载—再加载固结状态后,在正应力和水平剪应力相同条件下,单向加载后的蠕变剪切应变最大,加载—卸载后的蠕变剪切应变最小,说明滑带土的剪切蠕变特性与加载路径和加载后的孔隙比密切相关。采用Burgers模型拟合蠕变试验数据,得出了不同固结状态下Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型的蠕变参数,拟合曲线和试验曲线能够很好地吻合,说明Burgers模型能够较好地反映滑带土在不同固结状态下的蠕变特性。     

A nonlinear coupled soil moisture-vegetation model

Based on the physical analysis that the soil moisture and vegetation depend mainly on the precipitation and evaporation as well as the growth, decay and consumption of vegetation a nonlinear dynamic coupled system of soil moisture-vegetation is established. Using this model, the stabilities of the steady states of vegetation are analyzed. This paper focuses on the research of the vegetation catastrophe point which represents the transition between aridness and wetness to a great extent. It is shown that the catastrophe point of steady states of vegetation depends mainly on the rainfall P and saturation value v0, which is selected to balance the growth and decay of vegetation. In addition, when the consumption of vegetation remains constant, the analytic solution of the vegetation equation is obtained.     

基于放射性同位素的堤坝渗漏模型研究

环境同位素的方法研究堤坝渗漏是一种有效的方法,利用环境同位素堤坝渗漏研究中的基本原理,环境同位素作为天然示踪剂,标记着地下水、河水和降水。目前用来定量的描述堤坝渗漏过程的同位素场微分方程模型相对较少,在作一定的假定和简化的前提下,基于力学基本定律和微元法推导堤坝渗漏的放射性同位素微分模型,为定量计算和精确模拟堤坝渗漏提供确定性的数学模型,为分析堤坝渗漏过程提供帮助。     

开展诚信评估 创建诚信单位 大力推进企业文化建设 促进勘察设计行业科学健康发展

第一部分开展诚信评估创建诚信单位工程勘察与岩土分会于2007年率先组织实施在全国工程勘察与岩土行业开展诚信评估工作,经过近一年时间的共同努力,于2007年底评出全国工程勘察岩土行业第一批诚信单位,圆满完成了诚信评估工作,在全国建设工程勘察设计行业发挥了示范作用,收到了良好的社会效果。