盐度对河口潮汐湿地温室气体产生和排放的影响研究进展

盐度是影响河口潮汐湿地温室气体动态的一个重要的环境因子。本文论述了盐度对河口潮汐湿地温室气体的产生和排放的影响及机制。盐水入侵通过带来丰富的SO42-引起的硫酸盐效应、离子强度增加引起的离子效应影响CH4和CO2的产生。盐水入侵通过影响湿地的硝化作用、反硝化作用及硝化细菌反硝化作用进而影响N2O产生量,影响方式主要包括:(1)通过物理化学机制加强沉积物中铵的释放;(2)通过生理机制增加沉积物氮素释放量,直接影响硝化细菌、反硝化细菌活性,进而影响硝化作用和反硝化作用;(3)通过提高硝酸盐异化还原为铵的速率影响反硝化速率。最后提出了今后应加强研究的方向。     

Perceptions of climate change in China: The research and policy connection

Global climate change has evolved from a scientific problem into an economic and political problem oI worlOwloe rater- est. National perspectives play a crucial role in addressing climate change. Mutual understanding of perspectives is nec- essary to result in rational policies and a consensus among stakeholders with divergent interests. Conceptual frameworks for understanding the problem of climate change in China, the largest developing country and the largest greenhouse gas emitter, are of great significance to national and international efforts to address the problems of climate change. Chinese perceptions of climate change as a sustainable development problem have recently been in tension with an emerging Western perspective that frames climate change as a security issue. This paper explores Chinese perceptions of climate change as expressed in recent governmental policy statements, public opinion surveys, and academic scholarship with a focus on publications in Chinese-language journals, often unfamiliar in the West. It looks at the relationship between Chinese research and policy and finds that the Chinese policy frame of climate change as a sustainable development problem draws from the body of domestic research and is reflective of the perspectives and multidisciplinary approach of Chinese researchers in areas of climate change.     

Water discharge variability of Changjiang （Yangtze） and Huanghe （Yellow） Rivers and its response to climatic changes

Influences of large-scale climatic phenomena, such as the E1Nifio/La Nifia-Southem Oscillation （ENSO） and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO）, on the temporal variations of the annual water discharge at the Lijin station in the Huanghe （Yellow） River and at the Datong station in the Changjiang （Yangtze） River were examined. Using the empirical mode decomposition-maximum entropy spectral analysis （EMD- MESA） method, the 2- to 3-year, 8- to 14-year, and 23-year cyclical variations of the annual water discharge at the two stations were discovered. Based on the analysis results, the hydrological time series on the inter- annual to interdecadal scales were constructed. The results indicate that from 1950 to 2011, a significant downward trend occurred in the natural annual water discharge in Huanghe River. However, the changes in water discharge in Changjiang River basin exhibited a slightly upward trend. It indicated that the changes in the river discharge in the Huanghe basin were driven primarily by precipitation. Other factors, such as the precipitation over the Changjiang River tributaries, ice melt and evaporation contributed much more to the increase in the Changjiang River basin. Especially, the impacts of the inter-annual and inter-decadal climate oscillations such as ENSO and PDO could change the long-term patterns of precipitation over the basins of the two major rivers. Generally, low amounts of basin-wide precipitation on interannual to interdecadal scales over the two rivers corresponded to most of the warm ENSO events and the warm phases of the PDO, and vice versa. The positive phases of the PDO and ENSO could lead to reduced precipitation and consequently affect the long-term scale water discharges at the two rivers.     

《气候变化研究进展》征稿细则

<正>1.《气候变化研究进展》是受国家气候委员会委托,由中国气象局国家气候中心主办的气候变化领域内由自然科学和社会科学相结合的综合性学术刊物.2.本刊设有"气候系统变化"、"气候变化影响"、"气候变化适应"、"温室气体排放"、"对策论坛"、"渊查研究"和"简汛"等栏目,并定期就某一专题组稿、约稿,以专栏形式发表.综述类论文以约稿为主,一般不接受自由投稿.     

Performance Evaluation of a Self-Developed Ozonesonde and Its Application in an Intensive Observational Campaign

To make a detailed test on the reliability and detection performance of the electrochemical concentra- tion cell （ECC） type ozonesonde which had been devel- oped and preliminarily evaluated by the authors, an inten- sive ozonesonde release experiment was held at two sites in Beijing and Changchun in June 2013. The results showed that the mean background current and its standard deviation were 0.03 （0.04） pA and 0.02 （0.03） pA in Bei- jing （Changchun）. The average response time and its standard deviation were 27.8 s （30.4 s） and 4.0 s （3.7 s） in Beijing （Changchun）. The ozone partial pressure profiles at both sites showed a central peak in the stratosphere and a side peak in the boundary layer. Large variation in ozone partial pressure was observed at the middle levels of the atmosphere （10-17 kin）. A more marked gradient of ozone change was observed in Beijing （3.4 mPa km-1） at the lower atmosphere level, as compared to that in Changchun （0.4 mPa km-l）. The results presented in this paper indicate that this self-developed ozonesonde shows a high level of reliability and good performance. The ozonsonde is expected to play an important role in opera- tional observations of ozone profiles.     

Verifying Fossil-Fuel Carbon Dioxide Emissions Forecasted by an Artificial Neural Network with the GEOS-Chem Model

In this study, the authors developed an en- semble of Elman neural networks to forecast the spatial and temporal distribution of fossil-fuel emissions （ff） in 2009. The authors built and trained 29 Elman neural net- works based on the monthly average grid emission data （1979-2008） from different geographical regions. A three-dimensional global chemical transport model, God- dard Earth Observing System （GEOS）-Chem, was applied to verify the effectiveness of the networks. The results showed that the networks captured the annual increasing trend and interannual variation of ff well. The difference between the simulations with the original and predicted ff ranged from -1 ppmv to 1 ppmv globally. Meanwhile, the authors evaluated the observed and simulated north-south gradient of the atmospheric CO2 concentrations near the surface. The two simulated gradients appeared to have a similar changing pattern to the observations, with a slightly higher background CO2 concentration, - 1 ppmv. The results indicate that the Elman neural network is a useful tool for better understanding the spatial and tem- poral distribution of the atmospheric C02 concentration and ft.     

新书架

正《金融危机前主要经济体温室气体减排路径研究》殷培红等著该书从排放总量、人均排放和排放强度三个方面概述了全球温室气体排放的国别差异和世界温室气体排放格局的变化,分析了人均排放国别差异的主要影响因素。同时从欧盟国家、伞形集团国家以及新兴经济体等三个利益集团中选择了17个典型国家,用大量的数据介绍了这些国家20年来     

BG型钻杆排放设备的设计与应用

传统接卸钻杆多采用人工对扣、拖拽摆放方式,效率较低,工人劳动强度大。针对目前流行的可抬头式全液压钻机,设计了一种BG型自动钻杆排放设备,该设备通过机械手与夹持器2个机构与抬头式动力头配合完成钻杆的自动化接卸、摆放。详细介绍了机械手结构设计与回转驱动选型、夹持器结构设计与夹持油缸选型以及液压系统的设计思路,从理论上确定设备的可靠性。最后通过现场试验验证了BG型自动钻杆排放设备的实用性。     

北半球平流层臭氧的时空分布特征

利用1963－1985年北半球的平流层臭氧观测资料，采用自然平交分解方法，初步分析了北半球、特别是东亚地区大气臭氧层的时空分布特征。结果表明：（1）北半球大气臭氧的空分间分布可能与下垫面的性能有关；（2）东亚地区大气臭氧的时间分布主要具有2年和11年变化的周期特征，这与太阳黑子的准2年和准11年变化有一定的对应关系；（3）北美地区的臭氧变化则主要包含4年和7年的周期变经成分。     

大气CO2浓度时空变化卫星遥感监测的应用潜力分析

GOSAT卫星观测反演大气CO2浓度精度已经提高到了1—2 ppm,而卫星数据能否准确地揭示全球和区域大气CO2浓度变化特征还缺乏充分的评价与分析。本文针对已经连续运行观测3年的GOSAT卫星,收集了来自美国NASA-OCO团队(ACOS)和日本环境研究所GOSAT团队(NIES)基于各自算法反演的两套大气CO2柱浓度数据,描述并分析了全球大气CO2时空变化特征。分析结果表明,从XCO2反演的绝对值结果来看ACOS总体上比NIES的高出约2 ppm左右,但从时空的相对变化上它们揭示了相近的大气CO2浓度时空变化特征。两套数据显示出全球平均大气CO2浓度在2010年—2012年的3年期间年增量分别为1.8 ppm和2.0 ppm;季节变化幅度,北半球最大4—6 ppm,南半球最大约2 ppm,这与地面观测结果基本一致。进一步将EDGAR 4.2人为排放总量格网化数据与GOSAT卫星观测反演的CO2浓度进行相关统计分析,结果指出两套数据对人为排放量有着微弱的响应。本文结果指出目前GOSAT卫星观测反演的XCO2可以检测出全球和区域大气CO2浓度的年变化、季节变化和区域空间变化的特征;GOSAT卫星10.5 km空间分辨率的观测虽难于检测出点源的浓度变化,但从区域上对人为排放的累积效应的监测显示了一定的应用潜力。