基于线粒体COI基因序列的4个海域口虾蛄群体的遗传多样性研究

为比较中国不同海域口虾蛄(Oratosqilla oratoria)群体的遗传特性, 作者对采自皮口、绥中、青岛和广州4 个海域的口虾蛄群体的线粒体COI基因序列进行扩增和测序, 比较并分析了其遗传多样性和系统进化关系。获得585bp 的口虾蛄线粒体COI基因序列, 发现变异位点54 个, 占总位点数的9.2%。COI基因序列A+T 含量(64.8%)显著高于G+T 含量(35.2%), 符合节肢动物线粒体DNA 碱基组成的特点。转换与颠换的平均比值是7.84, 碱基替换未达到饱和。100 个样本的线粒体COI基因序列共定义35 个单倍型, 单倍型多样性(Hd)为0.9162, 平均核苷酸多样性(π)为0.0203。4 个群体均具有高的单倍型多样性和低的核苷酸多样性的特点, 说明4 个海域口虾蛄的遗传多样性均处于中等水平, 但广州海域的遗传多样性水平最高。AMOVA 分析表明, 来自于群体间的遗传差异(84.53%)明显高于来自群体内的差异(15.47%)。遗传分化系数(F_st)表明皮口、绥中、青岛3 个海域间几乎没有发生分化(F_st<0), 而广州海域口虾蛄遗传分化较大。从GenBank 上下载了19 条粤东海域口虾蛄的同源序列与本实验获得序列共同构建NJ 系统发育树, 结果显示皮口、绥中、青岛聚为一支, 广州和粤东(深圳和汕尾)聚为另一支。单倍型系统发育树和单倍型进化网络关系图均显示出广州海域口虾蛄群体较大的遗传分化。     

黄鳍东方鲀人工育苗技术及胚胎、仔稚幼鱼发育特征研究

为开展黄鳍东方鲀(Fugu xanthopterus)批量全人工育苗、胚胎及仔稚幼鱼发育特征研究, 作者使用地欧酮(DOM)、促黄体释放激素类似物(LRH)及绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)对性成熟黄鳍东方鲀进行人工催产。结果表明黄鳍东方鲀亲鱼效应时间为39～60h, 获产率为55.0%～92.5%; 卵受精率为35.5%～84.7%, 3 年产卵7 400 g; 受精卵在海水水温17.0～23.2℃、盐度21～30、pH8.0～8.2 人工条件下孵化, 孵化率为33.6%～91.7%, 孵出仔鱼499 万尾; 2005 年、2006 年经前期培育, 共培育出黄鳍东方鲀后期仔鱼394.5 万尾, 成活率为68.2%～94.3%; 室内水泥池后期培育出平均全长2.6 cm±0.2 cm 幼鱼3100 尾, 成活率为15.5%; 池塘生态培育出平均全长3.7 cm±0.5 cm 幼鱼53.3 万尾, 成活率为11.2%～13.8%。黄鳍东方鲀受精卵为沉性黏性卵, 近椭球形, 乳白色, 卵膜厚且不透明, 卵径0.9～1.0mm,在海水水温18.2～22.2℃条件下, 3 h 分裂为2 细胞; 3 h 20 min 4 细胞; 3 h 45 min 8 细胞; 10 h 10 min 多细胞; 17 h 30 min 囊胚出现; 28 h 原肠期; 57 h 15 min 胚体形成期; 69 h 20 min 心跳出现; 130 h 50 min出膜期; 144 h 孵出仔鱼。初孵仔鱼全长2.2～2.4 mm, 体圆而粗短, 尾部细长、透明; 孵出后第20 天, 胸鳍、臀鳍、背鳍基本形成, 进入稚鱼期; 孵出后第45 天, 上下颌门齿发达, 各鳍发育完整, 小刺基本形成, 进入幼鱼期。     

不同底质对方斑东风螺生长及存活的影响

比较了自然沙、棕色陶粒、白色陶粒、70%棕色陶粒+30%贝壳砂、贝壳砂等5种底质材料及空白对照组(无底质),对体质量为0.193 g±0.03 g的方斑东风螺生长、存活、摄食以及培育过程中水质的影响。结果表明,白色陶粒组的存活率为80%,显著低于其他各组(P0.05);棕色陶粒组的体质量特定生长率最高(4.31%/d),且显著优于白色陶粒组和对照组(P0.05);棕色陶粒处理组方斑东风螺的饵料转化效率显著高于白色陶粒组和空白对照组;水质中总氨氮、亚硝酸氮和COD均呈上升趋势,各组之间差异不显著。     

Cu2+对青蛤的胁迫效应

为研究青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)对重金属Cu~(2+)的蓄积作用及免疫机能的影响,开展了Cu~(2+)对青蛤的急性毒性实验,观察青蛤在96 h Cu~(2+)半致死浓度和安全浓度胁迫下,不同组织的蓄积趋势,及血淋巴液中SOD、CAT和ACP活性的变化。结果显示:Cu~(2+)的半致死浓度为0.807 mg/L,安全浓度为0.00807 mg/L。鳃和内脏团组织中蓄积的Cu~(2+)浓度与处理时间呈正相关;在半致死和安全浓度胁迫下,鳃组织中Cu~(2+)蓄积速度均快于内脏团;在半致死浓度胁迫下血淋巴液中SOD、CAT和ACP活性呈现先诱导再抑制的趋势,安全浓度下无明显变化,但均高于对照组水平。     

不同盐度对施氏獭蛤浮游期幼虫存活与生长的影响

为提高施氏獭蛤(Lutraria sieboldii)育苗成活率,作者采用单因子实验设计,研究了不同海水盐度对北部湾海域施氏獭蛤浮游期幼虫存活与生长的影响。结果表明,施氏獭蛤浮游期幼虫的临界存活盐度为22.84~33.12、适宜存活盐度为24.54~31.54、较适宜存活盐度为25.83~30.17、最适宜存活盐度为26.8~29.4;临界生长盐度为~35.67、适宜生长盐度为22.51~31.66、较适宜生长盐度为27.51~31.37、最适宜生长盐度为29.4;综合盐度对存活率和生长率的影响,施氏獭蛤浮游期幼虫最佳的培育盐度为29.4。研究结果为施氏獭蛤育苗场的选址及人工育苗提供了参考。     

桑沟湾长牡蛎生物沉积物对环境底质影响的同位素证据

贝类通过生物沉积作用加速了养殖海区水体中的颗粒物质向海底的输送。在桑沟湾中筏式养殖的长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas),将大量的有机物以生物沉积物(真粪和假粪)的形式排向养殖区海底。为完成对桑沟湾筏式养殖长牡蛎生物沉积物对环境底质影响的量化研究,作者通过在桑沟湾内不同的海区设置采样点(5个养殖区,3个对照点),对采样点SG 2与SG 6两个点的长牡蛎生物性沉积物与海区悬浮颗粒物进行了稳定同位测定及有机物来源分析。实验结果表明:选取的采样点沉积物稳定碳氮同位素丰度集中于δ~(13)C–22.82‰~–21.62‰,δ~(15)N 4.73‰~6.21‰。在SG 2点的悬浮颗粒物中,长牡蛎生物性沉积物贡献有机物占9.95%,对照区沉积物与SG 2区沉积物贡献分别为54.19%和35.86%。在典型的采样点,稳定同位素法能较准确地量化出各有机物来源的贡献比例。以SG C点为对照,其余7个采样点长牡蛎生物性沉积物有机物贡献在4.06%~28.64%,平均贡献率为13.96%±8.62%,牡蛎养殖已经对桑沟湾底质造成了一定的影响。     

辽宁沿海菲律宾蛤仔不同地理群体形态差异研究

利用多变量形态度量学方法,对辽宁沿海菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)长兴岛(CXD)、旅顺(LS)、营口(YK)、盘锦(PJ)、锦州(JZH)、海洋岛(HYD)、黑石礁(HSJ)以及金州(JZ)8个野生群体进行形态学比较分析。结果表明:主成分分析得到了3个主成分,贡献率分别为40.21%,19.98%和11.57%,累积贡献率为71.75%。聚类分析结果显示,旅顺群体和锦州群体形态最为接近,而与黑石礁群体差异较大。营口群体的趋异程度最大,长兴岛群体、金州群体和海洋岛群体的趋异程度居中。长兴岛群体壳型最扁,贝壳较厚且重;营口群体软体部最肥;金州群体壳型"凸"型最明显,且质量最大,而黑石礁群体贝壳最薄。这些明显特征揭示了不同群体的形态差异。研究结果为菲律宾蛤仔的地理群体识别、种质资源保护与恢复提供了重要依据。     

海底管道EDIS应用平台研发与示范工程

文章首先介绍了海底管道工程数字化信息系统(engineering digital information system,EDIS)工程信息数字化应用平台的开发背景和意义,然后针对中国海洋石油总公司(以下简称中海油)已颁布的《EDIS海管规范》和《新建海管工程项目完工数字化移交规范》要求,分析指出了海底管道工程信息数字化应用平台研发的关键难点问题;接着,着重介绍本文研发示范工程——锦州25-1南油田群海底管道EDIS应用平台的系统开发架构和海管全生命周期工程数据管理组织架构与逻辑关联,并详述了研发平台对应海管工程文档库、工程数据库、工程模型库以及三维管道地理信息系统(geography information system,GIS)应用系统等各模块具体功能;最后,笔者在分析平台研发技术特点和应用价值基础之上,论述了海底管道EDIS应用平台的开发价值和推广应用前景。     

Estimating the Turbulence Characteristics in the Bottom Boundary Layer of Monterey Canyon

From April 24 to October 25, 2011, an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter(ADV) continually running for 185 d was mounted on the smooth ridge at the edge of Monterey Canyon to observe turbulence in the bottom boundary layer. The ADV was set at 1.4 m above the bed bottom, continuously run for 1 min with a 2-minute interval with sampling frequency 64 Hz. The long-time continual observation is significant to reveal variations of turbulent characteristics and show some differences from the classic traditional turbulent theory. Eliminating the noise by the ‘Phase-Space Thresholding Method', rotating the coordinate and low-pass filtering the velocity were applied for data processing. This paper was mainly to estimate the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate by the inertial dissipation method, friction velocity, drag coefficient and significant periods of the turbulent characteristics with the ADV data. The results show that there is a strong, rotating bottom flow up to 0.398 m s-1 with predominantly semidiurnal period and less significantly diurnal and semilunar period. The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate ranges from 1.09×10-8 W kg-1 to 6.62×10-5 Wkg-1, which can vary with 2 or 3 orders of magnitude in one day. The daily averaged variations of friction velocity and drag coefficient are 6.50×10-3–2.32×10-2 m s-1 and 6.30×10-3–4.36×10-2, respectively. All the characteristics have a remarkable semidiurnal period. In the bottom boundary layer with a rotating tide, the parameterized coefficients to describe ε-u* and ε-Et relationships are much smaller than the traditional value.     

Research of Marine Sensor Web Based on SOA and EDA

A great deal of ocean sensor observation data exists, for a wide range of marine disciplines, derived from in situ and remote observing platforms, in real-time, near-real-time and delayed mode. Ocean monitoring is routinely completed using sensors and instruments. Standardization is the key requirement for exchanging information about ocean sensors and sensor data and for comparing and combining information from different sensor networks. One or more sensors are often physically integrated into a single ocean ‘instrument' device, which often brings in many challenges related to diverse sensor data formats, parameters units, different spatiotemporal resolution, application domains, data quality and sensors protocols. To face these challenges requires the standardization efforts aiming at facilitating the so-called Sensor Web, which making it easy to provide public access to sensor data and metadata information. In this paper, a Marine Sensor Web, based on SOA and EDA and integrating the MBARI's PUCK protocol, IEEE 1451 and OGC SWE 2.0, is illustrated with a five-layer architecture. The Web Service layer and Event Process layer are illustrated in detail with an actual example. The demo study has demonstrated that a standard-based system can be built to access sensors and marine instruments distributed globally using common Web browsers for monitoring the environment and oceanic conditions besides marine sensor data on the Web, this framework of Marine Sensor Web can also play an important role in many other domains' information integration.