Change analysis of rice area and production in China during the past three decades

Rice＇s spatial-temporal distributions, which are critical for agricultural, environ- mental and food security research, are affected by natural conditions as well as socio-eco- nomic developments. Based on multi-source data, an effective model named the Spatial Production Allocation Model （SPAM） which integrates arable land distribution, administrative unit statistics of crop data, agricultural irrigation data and crop suitability data, was used to get a series of spatial distributions of rice area and production with 10-km pixels at a national scale -it was applied from the early 1980s onwards and used to analyze the pattern of spatial and temporal changes. The results show that significant changes occurred in rice in China during 1980-2010. Overall, more than 50% of the rice area decreased, while nearly 70% of rice production increased in the change region during 1980-2010. Spatially, most of the increased area and production were in Northeast China, especially, in Jilin and Heilongjiang; most of the decreased area and production were located in Southeast China, especially, in regions of rapidly urbanization in Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang. Thus, the centroid of rice area was moved northeast approximately 230 km since 1980, and rice production about 320 km, which means rice production moved northeastward faster than rice area because of the significant rice yield increase in Northeast China. The results also show that rice area change had a decisive impact on rice production change. About 54.5% of the increase in rice pro- duction is due to the expansion of sown area, while around 83.2% of the decrease in rice production is due to contraction of rice area. This implies that rice production increase may be due to area expansion and other non-area factors, but reduced rice production could largely be attributed to rice area decrease.     

某可溶性软弱基座型斜坡的破坏方式及变形破坏机制

以仁义河特大桥南桥台南侧斜坡为例,分析研究了可溶性软弱基座型斜坡的破坏方式及其变形破坏力学机制,认为该斜坡的失稳破坏主要为崩塌破坏,并存在倾倒(外倾型)、倾滑(内倾型)和基座倾滑3种崩塌破坏方式,形成不同崩塌破坏方式的内在变形机制有弯曲一拉裂、弯曲一层间滑动和拉裂一滑移3种模式,从而为解决该类特殊斜坡工程问题提供了理论依据。     

三峡电站年发电988亿千瓦时 首次居全球首位

<正>三峡电站全年发电量创造了新的世界纪录。中国长江三峡集团公司于2015年1月1日宣布,截至2014年12月31日24时,三峡电站全年发电量达988亿千瓦时,创单座水电站年发电量新的世界纪录。2014年度,三峡水库来水量比多年平均偏枯2.8%,三峡电厂坚持精益管理,不断提高监测水平,调整设备运行方式,加强安全管理和隐患排查,强化电站设备状态分析与评估,科学制定年度检修计划,使机组运行工况达到最优,始终处于安全稳定状态,为机组满发多发创造了良好条件。去年,长江电力三峡梯调中心着力强化了流域水雨情预报和发电计划制作能力,通过开展四库联合调度,合理安排检修计划和运行方式,充分发     

依法管地 集约用地 促进经济发展方式转变——写在第20个全国“土地日”

<正>今天,是第20个"全国土地日"。我们举行系列纪念活动,主要目的是进一步强化全民节约用地意识,进一步转变发展方式,备加珍惜土地,备加节约、集约利用土地,走可持续发展道路。土地是民生之本,人类社会的进步、经济的发展和     

在冬日里升温的桂中热土——桂中土地整治重大工程忻城项目现场会侧记

2011年是“十二五”开局之年,广西国土资源系统在厅党组的带领下,紧紧围绕经济社会发展大局,继续深入实施“双保工程”,以创先争优活动为抓手,重点打好八个方面的主动战一一促进经济增长方式转变、统筹保障用地用海用矿、耕地保护、国土执法工作、农村土地整治、信息化建设、地质灾害防治、宣传工作主动战。如今,年底已至,全区八大“主...     

中国南方调整水稻种植格局——一种水稻生产预先适应气候变化的选择(英文)

Rice planted in southern China accounts for 94% of the total in sown acreage and 88% of the total in production, which matters a lot to Chinese food security. However, due to the prolonged conflict between water availability and rice growth in spatial/temporal distribu-tion, rice production suffers from seasonal drought at acreage of 16%-22%, which compro-mises food production capacity and food security. Focusing on the spatial distribution of seasonal drought with rice and the practices to adapt to it, and based on an analysis of bal-anced water supply for and demand by rice at a growing season scale during 1981-2030, this paper assesses the changing seasonal drought in the process of rice production under the changing climate in the future, and identifies general rice re-cultivation options for climate change adaptation. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) Rice suggests a decline in seasonal drought, with early season rice (early rice hereafter) by 12,500 km2, middle season rice (middle rice) by 80,000 km2, and in particular late season rice (late rice) by 25,000 km2, which accounts for almost 20% of its cultivated acreage. It is indicated that due to climate change, seasonal drought in major rice producing areas tends to alleviate in general, late season rice in particular. (2) Future climate change brings about a significant impact on the spatial/temporal distribution of water resources in rice producing areas in China. Based on ’pre-designed’ adaptation actions for rice-re-cultivation, the rice cultivation pattern undergoes a significant alteration between 1981-2000 and 2001-2030. In eastern Guizhou and western Hunan, the pattern of single early plus single dry farming is changed into double cropping. In eastern Hunan, the pattern of dry cropping is changed into single early plus single dry farming. In northern Anhui, the pattern of dry farming cropping is changed into middle rice. All this is aimed at a potential adequate availability of water for rice production in the future. (3) Rice re-cultivation patterns developed in this paper help re-balance water demand and supply for rice growth using the spatial analysis tool to adapt rice growth to the changing water avail-ability from spatial perspective, and come up with rice producer-friendly re-cultivation options in response to climate change.     

对2004年文科综合能力测试地理试题的分析与思考

2004年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试文科综合能力测试卷中划分为地理学科的试题有1—11题(选择题，44分)和36题、39题(4)、(5)小题(非选择题，56分)，共计100分。黑龙江省的阅卷方式为计算机网上阅卷。     

新城市病与三大认识误区（外一篇）

一个国家、一个地区、一个城市的科学发展是一个过程。这要求我们在走向科学发展的过程中破解遇到的种种矛盾和问题。从城市发展层面看,到2010年,全世界将有50%以上的人口生活在城市。我国城市发展方式存在以下三大"认识误区"。     

东北地区水稻扩张的海拔优势区间分析

及时掌握水稻的时空分布信息,对调整和优化农业生产结构至关重要。论文利用综合考虑植被物候和地表水变化的水稻自动制图方法,结合海拔、地表水体因素开展2001—2017年东北地区水稻分布的时空演变研究。通过889个地面调研点位对水稻分类结果验证,总体精度达90.66%,Kappa系数为0.8128。研究表明:① 21世纪初,东北地区水稻种植面积呈先略减后持续增加的趋势,2017年水稻种植面积达2001年的2.13倍。其中,水稻扩张面积的60%分布在三江平原,30%分布在松嫩平原,下辽河平原仅占不足5%。水稻扩张的海拔优势区间在200 m范围内,随着海拔的上升水稻扩张与地表水关系越来越密切。② 三江平原内,水稻扩张幅度在海拔30~70 m范围内逐渐增加,使优势区间从相对高度70 m缩减至40 m内,也使得分布优势逐渐趋向于距地表水体较远的区域。而松嫩平原和下辽河平原水稻种植分布的海拔优势区间始终分别保持在相对高度100 m、40 m内。③ 三江平原水稻的集中分布和急剧扩张,使水稻分布优势逐渐趋向于距地表水体远的区域,这将对地下水带来更大的压力;而松嫩平原水稻分布受地表水体影响较大,分布优势随着距地表水体距离的增加而减小。研究可为农业部门评估水资源承载力、保障农业可持续发展提供数据支撑及理论参考。